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2. In addition to the sources cited below, this section draws from Kurt Beyer, Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age (MIT, 2009), and the following trove of Grace Hopper oral histories: Smithsonian (five sessions), July 1968, Nov. 1968, Jan. 7, 1969, Feb. 4, 1969, July 5, 1972; the Computer History Museum, Dec. 1980; Grace Hopper interview, Sept. 1982, Women in Federal Government oral history project, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard.
3. Kurt Beyer mistakenly calls her the first to get a math doctorate from Yale. Charlotte Barnum was the first in 1895, and there were ten before Hopper. See Judy Green and Jea
4. Hopper oral history, Smithsonian, July 5, 1972.
5. Hopper oral history, Smithsonian, July 1968; Rosario Rausa, “In Profile, Grace Murray Hopper,” Naval History, Fall 1992.
6. Hopper oral histories (she told the same story), Computer History Museum and Smithsonian, July 5, 1972.
7. The Staff of the Harvard Computation Library [Grace Hopper and Howard Aiken], A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (Harvard, 1946).
8. Grace Hopper oral history, Computer History Museum.
9. Beyer, Grace Hopper, 130.
10. Beyer, Grace Hopper, 135.
11. Richard Bloch oral history, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Mi
12. Beyer, Grace Hopper, 53.
13. Grace Hopper and Richard Bloch panel discussion comments, Aug. 30, 1967, in Henry S. Tropp, “The 20th A
14. Beyer, Grace Hopper, 5.
15. Hopper oral history, Smithsonian, July 5, 1972.
16. Howard Aiken oral history, conducted by Henry Tropp and I. Bernard Cohen, Smithsonian Institution, Feb. 1973.
17. Grace Hopper and John Mauchly, “Influence of Programming Techniques on the Design of Computers,” Proceedings of the IRE, Oct. 1953.
18. Harvard computer log, Sept. 9, 1947, http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h96000/h96566k.jpg.
19. Grace Hopper oral history, Smithsonian, Nov. 1968.
20. The Moore School Lectures, Charles Babbage Institute, reprint (MIT Press, 1985).
21. Hopper oral history, Smithsonian, Nov. 1968.
22. In addition to the sources cited below, this section draws on Jean Je
23. Jordy
24. Je
25. W. Barkley Fritz, “The Women of ENIAC,” IEEE A
26. Fritz, “The Women of ENIAC.”
27. Je
28. Kay McNulty Mauchly Antonelli, “The Kathleen McNulty Mauchly Antonelli Story,” ENIAC website, https://sites.google.com/a/opgate.com/eniac/Home/kay-mcnulty-mauchly-antonelli.
29. Fritz, “The Women of ENIAC.”
30. Je
31. Autumn Stanley, Mothers and Daughters of Invention (Rutgers, 1995), 443.
32. Fritz, “The Women of ENIAC.”
33. Oral history of Jean Je
34. Je
35. Je
36. Je
37. Eckert and Mauchly, “Progress Report on ENIAC,” Dec. 31, 1943, in Nancy Stern, From ENIAC to UNIVAC (Digital Press, 1981).
38. John Mauchly, “Amending the ENIAC Story,” letter to the editor of Datamation, Oct. 1979.
39. Presper Eckert, “Disclosure of a Magnetic Calculating Machine,” Jan. 29, 1944, declassified trial exhibit, in Don Knuth archives, Computer History Museum; Mark Priestley, A Science of Operations (Springer, 2011), 127; Stern, From ENIAC to UNIVAC, 28.
40. In addition to specific notes below, this section draws on William Aspray, John von Neuma
41. Dyson, Turing’s Cathedral, 41.
42. Nicholas Vo
43. Dyson, Turing’s Cathedral, 45.
44. Goldstine, The Computer from Pascal to von Neuma
45. Dyson, Turing’s Cathedral, 1305.
46. Dyson, Turing’s Cathedral, 1395.
47. Hopper oral history, Smithsonian, Jan. 7, 1969.
48. Bloch oral history, Feb. 22, 1984, Charles Babbage Institute.
49. Robert Slater, Portraits in Silicon (MIT Press, 1987), 88; Beyer, Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age, 9.
50. Goldstine, The Computer from Pascal to von Neuma
51. Goldstine, The Computer from Pascal to von Neuma
52. Goldstine, The Computer from Pascal to von Neuma
53. Jean Je
54. McCartney, ENIAC, 116.
55. Jean Je
56. Dyson, Turing’s Cathedral, 53.
57. Burks, Who Invented the Computer?, 161; Norman Macrae, John von Neuma
58. Ritchie, The Computer Pioneers, 178.
59. Presper Eckert oral history, conducted by Nancy Stern, Charles Babbage Institute, Oct. 28, 1977; Dyson, Turing’s Cathedral, 1952.
60. John von Neuma