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29. John Atanasoff, “Advent of Electronic Digital Computing,” A
30. Atanasoff, “Advent of Electronic Digital Computing,” 238.
31. Atanasoff, “Advent of Electronic Digital Computing,” 243.
32. Katherine Davis Fishman, The Computer Establishment (Harper and Row, 1981), 22.
33. Atanasoff testimony, Honeywell v. Sperry Rand, June 15, 1971, transcript p. 1700, in Burks, Who Invented the Computer?, 1144. The archives for the trial are at the University of Pe
34. Atanasoff testimony, transcript p. 1703.
35. Atanasoff, “Advent of Electronic Digital Computing,” 244.
36. John Atanasoff, “Computing Machine for the Solution of Large Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations,” 1940, available online from Iowa State, http://jva.cs.iastate.edu/img/Computing%20machine.pdf. For detailed analysis, see Burks and Burks, The First Electronic Computer, 7 and passim.
37. Robert Stewart, “The End of the ABC,” A
38. This section draws on John Mauchly oral history, conducted by Henry Tropp, Jan. 10, 1973, Smithsonian Institution; John Mauchly oral history, conducted by Nancy Stern, May 6, 1977, American Institute of Physics (AIP); Scott McCartney, ENIAC (Walker, 1999); Herman Goldstine, The Computer from Pascal to von Neuma
39. John Costello, “The Twig Is Bent: The Early Life of John Mauchly,” IEEE A
40. Mauchly oral history, AIP.
41. Costello, “The Twig Is Bent.”
42. McCartney, ENIAC, 82.
43. Kay McNulty Mauchly Antonelli, “The Kathleen McNulty Mauchly Antonelli Story,” Mar. 26, 2004, ENIAC website, https://sites.google.com/a/opgate.com/eniac/Home/kay-mcnulty-mauchly-antonelli; McCartney, ENIAC, 32.
44. Ritchie, The Computer Pioneers, 129; Rheingold, Tools for Thought, 80.
45. McCartney, ENIAC, 34.
46. Kathleen Mauchly, “John Mauchly’s Early Years.”
47. McCartney, ENIAC, 36.
48. Kathleen Mauchly, “John Mauchly’s Early Years.”
49. John Mauchly to H. Helm Clayton, Nov. 15, 1940.
50. John Mauchly to John de Wire, Dec. 4, 1940; Kathleen Mauchly, “John Mauchly’s Early Years.”
51. Mauchly to Atanasoff, Jan. 19, 1941; Atanasoff to Mauchly, Jan. 23, 1941; Mauchly oral history, Smithsonian; Burks, Who Invented the Computer?, 668.
52. The battle over what happened was fought out in the A
53. Lura Meeks Atanasoff testimony, Sperry v. Honeywell; Burks, Who Invented the Computer?, 1445.
54. Mollenhoff, Atanasoff, 114.
55. Mauchly oral history, Smithsonian; John Mauchly, “Fireside Chat,” Nov. 13, 1973, A
56. Ritchie, The Computer Pioneers, 142.
57. Mauchly oral history, Smithsonian.
58. John Mauchly testimony, Sperry v. Honeywell ; Burks, Who Invented the Computer?, 429.
59. John Mauchly to John Atanasoff, Sept. 30, 1941, Sperry v. Honeywell trial records.
60. Atanasoff to Mauchly, Oct. 7, 1941, Sperry v. Honeywell trial records.
61. In addition to the sources cited below, this section draws from Peter Eckstein, “Presper Eckert,” A
62. Eckert oral history, Charles Babbage Institute.
63. Eckstein, “Presper Eckert.”
64. Ritchie, The Computer Pioneers, 148.
65. Eckert oral history, Charles Babbage Institute.
66. John W. Mauchly, “The Use of High Speed Vacuum Tube Devices for Calculating,” 1942, in Brian Randell, editor, The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers (Springer-Verlag, 1973), 329. See also John G. Brainerd, “Genesis of the ENIAC,” Technology and Culture, July 1976, 482.
67. Mauchly oral history, Smithsonian; Goldstine, The Computer from Pascal to von Neuma
68. Burks, Who Invented the Computer?, 71.
69. McCartney, ENIAC, 89.
70. Eckert oral history, Charles Babbage Institute.
71. Eckert oral history, Charles Babbage Institute.
72. Eckert oral history, Charles Babbage Institute; Randall, “A Lost Interview with Presper Eckert.”
73. Hodges, Alan Turing, 3628.
74. In addition to the Hodges biography, Alan Turing, this section draws on B. Jack Copeland, Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park’s Codebreaking Computers (Oxford, 2006); I. J. Good, “Early Work on Computers at Bletchley,” A
75. Randall, “A Lost Interview with Presper Eckert.”
76. The archives for the Honeywell v. Sperry Rand trial. See also Charles E. McTiernan, “The ENIAC Patent,” A
77. Judge Earl Richard Larson decision, Honeywell v. Sperry Rand.
78. Randall, “A Lost Interview with Presper Eckert.”
CHAPTER THREE: PROGRAMMING
1. Alan Turing, “Intelligent Machinery,” National Physical Laboratory report, July 1948, available at http://www.AlanTuring.net/intelligent_machinery.