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52. Verschuur, Impact, 69.
53. Gribbin, Fire on Earth, 7Ъ-
54. Plato, Timaeus and Critias (London: Penguin Classics, 1977), 46.
55. Ibid.
56. David H. Levy, Impact Jupiter: The Crash of Comet Shoemaker-Levy-9 (New York and London: Plenum Press,
1995), 159.
57. Encyclopaedia Brita
58. Moore, Planets, 128.
59. Verschuur, Impact, 170.
60. Levy, Impact Jupiter, 259; Gribbin, Fire on Earth, 131.
61. Verschuur, Impact, 178; Levy, Impact Jupiter, 258–259.
62. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 248.
63. Levy, Impact Jupiter, 2.
64. Ibid, 45.
65. Ibid, 48—49-
66. Ibid, 49.
67. Ibid, 158.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid, 167.
70. Ibid, 170.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid, 173.
73. Verschuur, Impact, 187.
74. Levy, Impact Jupiter, 176.
75. Verschuur, Impact, 177,184.76. Ibid, 178.
77- Levy, Impact Jupiter, 210.
78. Caroline Shoemaker, quoted in Ibid, 113.
1. См. главу 18.
2. Owen В. Toon, et al, «Environmental Perturbations Caused by thelmpacts of Asteroids and Comets», Reviews of Geophysics 35 (February 1997): 46, 48—49-
3. Ibid, 47.
4. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Lifecloud, 107.
5. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 81.
6. Trevor Palmer, «The Fall and Rise of Catastrophism», lecture delivered at Nottingham Trent University, 25 April 1996,11.
7. Emilio Spedicato, Apollo Objects (Bergamo, Italy: Instituto Universitario di Bergamo, 1990), 17.
8. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 222.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid, 8.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid, 8.
13. См. главу 18.
14. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 99.
15. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 8–9.
16. Palmer, «Catastrophism lecture», 11.
17. Spedicato, Apollo Objects, 17.
18. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 101.
19. Cited in Glen, Mass-Extinction Debates, 19-
20. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 57–58.
21. Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 205.
22. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 49.
23- Verschuur, Impact, 159.
24. Palmer, Catastropbism, 6.
25. Levy, Quest for Comets, 205.
26. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 49.
27. Jack Hills and Patricia Goda, quoted in Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 150.
28. Ibid.
29. Verschuur, Impact, 153.
30. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 40.
31. Verschuur, Impact, 153.
32. Hills and Goda, quoted in Verschuur, Impact, ISA.
33. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 102.
34. Ibid, 102.
35. Don Gault, quoted in Spedicato, Apollo Objects, 21.
36. Ibid, 21–22.
37. Ibid, 22.
38. Ibid.
39. Emiliani, Kraus, Shoemaker, quoted in Albritton, Catastrophic Episodes, 114— 15.
40. Ibid.
41. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Setpent, 103.
1. См. главу 19.
2. Tom Van Flandern, Dark Matter, Missing Planets and Neiv Comets: Paradoxes Resolved, Origins Illuminated (Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books, 1993), 215–236.
3. Hoyle, Ice, 143.
4. Encyclopaedia Brita
5. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 126—27; Thomas, Chyba, McKay, Comets and Origin, 216; Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter,
259—60; Encyclopaedia Brita
6. Verschuur, Impact, 44.
7. Palmer, Catastropbism, 8, Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 127.
8. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 127.
9. Moore, Planets, 124.
10. Ibid.
11. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 127.
12. Ibid., 27–28.
13. Один из примеров — 1993 HA2, Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 127. См. также Bailey, Clube, Napier, Origin of Comets; они включают в эту категорию еще не названные малые планеты 3552 (1983 SA), 405 (1979 ѴА), и 1983 XF.
14. EncyclopaediaBrita
15. Verschuur, Impact, 43-
16. Encyclopaedia Brita
17. Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid, 64.
18. Encyclopaedia Brita
19. EncyclopaediaBrita
20. Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 325—28.
21. EncyclopaediaBrita
22. Verschuur, Impact, 44.
23. Nature, 25 April 1996, 689; Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday,
56.
24. Nature, 25 April 1996, 689.
25. Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 57.
26. Nature, 25 April 1996, 689.
27. Verschuur, Impact, 44–45.
28. Ibid.; Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 29; Levy, Quest for Comets, 193.
29. Encyclopaedia Brita
30. Ibid., 578.
31. Palmer, Catastropbism, 5.
32. Milton Zysman and Clark Whelton, eds., Catastrophism 2000 (Toronto: Heretic Press, 1990), 7.
33. Steel, Rogue, 29; Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 73.
34. Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 119-
35. Ibid., and Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid, 66–67.
36. Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid, 66–61.
51. In 1992. Reported in Cox and Chestek, Doomsday, 119.
38. Ibid.
39. Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 83.
40. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 152–153; Bailey, Clube, Napier,Origin of Comets, 397; Verschuur, Impact, 45; Palmer, Catastrophism, 6.
41. Agence France Presse, 9 February 1998.
42. Spedicato, Apollo Objects, 14.
43. Encyclopaedia Brita
44. See chapter 19.
45. Brian Marsden, «100 Potentially Hazardous Asteroids»? Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 25 September 1997.
46. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 73.
47. Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 81.
48. Palmer, Catastrophism, 5; Encyclopaedia Brita
49. Verschuur, Impact, 116.
50. Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 83; Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 314.
51. Col. John M. Urias, et al., «Planetary Defense: Catastrophic Healthlnsurance for Planet Earth», research paper presented to Airforce2025, October 1996, chapter 3, 4.
52. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 204.
53. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 204–205.
54. NASA, Fact Sheet, 2.
55. Cited in Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 13.
56. NASA, Fact Sheet, 1.
57. См. главу 19.
58. NASA, Fact Sheet, 1.
59. Li Ch’un Feng, quoted in Timothy Ferris, «Is This the End?» The NeivYorker, 27 January 1997, 46.
60. Ibid.
1. Joha
2. Hoyle and Wickramasinghej, Lifecloud, 104—5; Palmer, Catastrophism,
3. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Lifecloud, 104—5; Penguin Dictionary ofAstronomy, 279.
4. Palmer, Catastrophism, 5.
5. Наряду с многими техническими статьями в научных журналах Клубе и Напир написали две книги для широкого круга читателей, в которых они объясняют свою теорию. Это Cosmic Serpent [ «Космический змей»] и Cosmic Winter [ «Космическая зима»].
6. Verschuur, Impact, 57.