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10 MECA, Philby Papers 15/2/9 and 15/2/30, two copies of Ibn Saud’s letter to Sharif Husayn dated August 14, 1918.
11 MECA, Philby Papers 15/2/276, letter from Sharif Husayn to Shakir bin Zayd dated August 29, 1918.
12 King Abdullah, Memoirs, p. 181.
13 Ibid., p. 183; Mary Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 37.
14 King Abdullah, Memoirs, p. 183.
15 Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi, 2000), p. 249.
16 Cited in Timothy J. Paris, Britain, the Hashemites, and Arab Rule, 1920–1925 (London: Frank Cass, 2003), p. 1.
17 Cited in Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan, p. 53.
18 The memoirs of Awda al-Qusus (1877–1943), a Christian from the southern town of al-Karak, have never been published. All passages quoted here are from the ninth chapter of the Arabic typescript on Amir Abdullah in Transjordan.
19 Awda al-Qusus reproduced the indictment, dated November 1, 1923, in his memoirs, p. 163. A copy of the indictment reached him in Jidda on January 9, 1924.
20 Uriel Da
21 Letter of July 8, 1921. The letters of Gertrude Bell have been made accessible on the Internet by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne Library’s Gertrude Bell Project, http://www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk/.
22 Sulayman Faydi, Mudhakkirat [Memoirs of] Sulayman Faydi (London: Saqi, 1998), pp. 302–303.
23 Gertrude Bell, letter of August 28, 1921.
24 Muhammad Mahdi Kubba, Mudhakkirati fi samim al-ahdath, 1918–1958 [My memoirs at the center of events, 1918–1958] (Beirut: Dar al-Tali‘a, 1965), pp. 22–25.
25 The text of the 1922 treaty is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 310–312.
26 Kubba, Mudhakkirati, pp. 26–27.
27 Faysal’s confidential memo was cited in Ha
28 Zaghlul’s comments quoted in “Bitter Harvest,” Al-Ahram Weekly Online, October 12–18, 2000, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/.
29 Ismail Sidqi, Mudhakkirati [My memoirs] (Cairo: Madbuli, 1996), p. 85.
30 Ibid., p. 87. The casualty figures are from a sympathetic political biography of Sidqi by Malak Badrawi, Isma’il Sidqi, 1875–1950: Pragmatism and Vision in Twentieth-Century Egypt (Richmond, UK: Curzon, 1996), p. 61.
31 Sidqi, Mudhakkirati, p. 97.
32 Population figures for the Ottoman period are particularly unreliable. This has been compounded by the highly politicized nature of demography in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The most reliable source is Justin McCarthy, The Population of Palestine (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990). These figures are from table 1.4D, p. 10.
33 Ibid., p. 224.
34 Neville J. Mandel, The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976); Hasan Kayali, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 103–106.
35 Immigration figures from McCarthy, Population of Palestine, p. 224; casualty figures from Charles Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 4th ed. (Boston and New York: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2001), pp. 113, 130.
36 Churchill’s memorandum is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 301–305. Emphasis in the original.
37 Matiel E. T. Moga
38 Ibid., p. 99.
39 McCarthy, Population of Palestine, pp. 34–35.
40 Akram Zuaytir, Yawmiyat Akram Zu’aytir: al-haraka al-wataniyya al-filastiniyya, 1935–1939 [The diaries of Akram Zuaytir: The Palestinian national movement, 1935–1939] (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1980), pp. 27–30.
41 Ibid., p. 29.
42 Ibid., pp. 32–33.
43 Quoted in Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan, p. 119.
44 Abu Salman’s poem was reproduced by Palestinian novelist Ghassan Kanafani in his essay “Palestine, the 1936–1939 Revolt” (London: 1982).
45 Ben-Gurion diaries cited in Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete (London: Abacus, 2001), pp. 403–404.
46 Tom Segev details these and other repressive measures undertaken by the British to combat the Arab Revolt in One Palestine, Complete, pp. 415–443. See also Matthew Hughes, “The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39,” English Historical Review 124 (2009): 313–354.
47 Harrie Arrigonie, British Colonialism: 30 Years Serving Democracy or Hypocrisy (Devon: Edward Gaskell, 1998), described these events, which took place the week before he arrived in Bassa. Arrigonie also reproduced photographs of the destroyed bus and the bodies of the villagers. An Arab account of the massacre is given by Eid Haddad, whose father witnessed the atrocity as a fifteen-year-old, though he dates the event to September 1936; “Painful memories from Al Bassa,” http://www.palestineremembered.com. A similar account was told to Ted Swedenburg from the village of Kuwaykat; Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003), pp. 107–108.
48 The 1939 White Paper is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 531–538.
Chapter 8
1 Meir Zamir, The Formation of Modern Lebanon (London: Croom Helm, 1985), p. 15.
2 Ammoun was accompanied by another Maronite, a Su
3 Ammoun’s presentation was reported in the influential Paris daily, Le Temps, January 29, 1919, and reproduced in George Samnй, La Syrie (Paris: Editions Bossard, 1920), pp. 231–232.
4 Ghanim’s introduction in Samnй, La Syrie, pp. xviii–xix.
5 Muhammad Jamil Bayhum, Al-‘Ahd al-Mukhdaram fi Suriya wa Lubnan, 1918–1922 [The era of transition in Syria and Lebanon] (Beirut: Dar al-Tali’a, n.d. [1968]), p. 109.
6 Ibid., p. 110.
7 Lohйac, Daoud Ammoun, pp. 84–85.
8 Bishara Khalil al-Khoury, Haqa’iq Lubnaniyya [Lebanese realities], vol. 1 (Harisa, Lebanon: Basil Brothers, 1960), p. 106.
9 Lohйac, Daoud Ammoun, pp. 91–92.
10 Alphonse Zeniй, quoted in ibid., p. 96.
11 Yusif Sawda, resident in Alexandria, cited in ibid., p. 139.
12 Bayhum, al-‘Ahd al-Mukhdaram, pp. 136–140.
13 Si Madani El Glaoui, cited in C. R. Pe
14 Pe
15 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim (Abd el-Krim) published a statement of his political views after his capture by the French in Rashid Rida’s influential magazine, al-Manar 27, 1344–1345 (1926–1927): 630–634. For a translation see C. R. Pe
16 Quoted in Pe
17 Ibid., pp. 189–190.
18 Ibid., pp. 256–259.
19 Fawzi al-Qawuqji, Mudhakkirat [Memoirs of] Fawzi al-Qawuqji, vol. 1, 1914–1932 (Beirut: Dar al-Quds, 1975), p. 81.