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25 On the “scramble for Africa” and the Fashoda Incident see Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism, 2nd ed. (Houndmills, UK: Macmillan, 1981).
26 Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 1, p. 477.
27 Ibid., pp. 508–510.
28 Ahmad Amin, My Life, translated by Issa Boullata (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978), p. 59.
29 Cited by Ami Ayalon in his The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 15.
30 Cited in ibid., p. 30.
31 Cited in ibid., p. 31.
32 Martin Hartma
33 Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 113.
34 Ahmad Amin, My Life, pp. 48–49.
35 Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlma
36 Daniel L. Newman, An Imam in Paris: Al-Tahtawi’s Visit to France (1826–1831) (London: Saqi, 2004), p. 177.
37 Ahmad Amin, My Life, p. 19.
38 Judith Tucker, Women in Nineteenth Century Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 129.
39 Qasim Amin, The Liberation of Women, trans. Samiha Sidhom Peterson (Cairo: American University at Cairo Press, 1992), p. 12.
40 Ibid., p. 15.
41 Ibid., p. 72.
42 Ibid., p. 75.
43 Ahmad Amin, My Life, p. 90.
44 Ibid., p. 60.
45 Ibid., pp. 60–61. The translator here used the term upset where the Arabic term is stronger, meaning “grief.”
Chapter 6
1 “De Bunsen Committee Report,” in J. C. Hurewitz, ed., The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, vol. 2 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979), pp. 26–46.
2 The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence has been reproduced in ibid., pp. 46–56.
3 Quote from the unpublished memoirs of the resident of Karak, ’Uda al-Qusus, cited in Eugene Rogan, Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1851–1921 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 232–233.
4 The Sykes-Picot Agreement is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 60–64.
5 George Antonius, The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1938), p. 248.
6 The Basle Program of the First Zionist Congress is reproduced in Paul R. Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 429.
7 Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete (London: Abacus, 2001) p. 44.
8 The Balfour Declaration is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 101–106.
9 Cemal Pasha’s remarks were published in al-Sharq newspaper, cited in Antonius, Arab Awakening, pp. 255–256.
10 Anglo-French Declaration of November 7, 1918, cited in ibid., pp. 435–436; Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, p. 112.
11 The Faysal-Weizma
12 Faysal’s memo is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 130–32.
13 Harry N. Howard, The King-Crane Commission (Beirut: Khayyat, 1963), p. 35.
14 The King-Crane Report was first published in Editor & Publisher 55, 27, 2nd section, December 2, 1922. An abridged version of their recommendations is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 191–99.
15 Abu Khaldun Sati’ al-Husri, The day of Maysalun: A Page from the Modern History of the Arabs (Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, 1966), pp. 107–108.
16 Reproduced in the Arabic edition of Sati’ al-Husri, Yawm Maysalun (Beirut: Maktabat al-Kishaf, 1947), plate 25. On the political use of slogans, see James L. Gelvin, Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire (Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
17 Al-Husri, Day of Maysalun, p. 130; this is confirmed in the confidential appendix of the King-Crane Report, written for the American delegation at Paris.
18 Yusif al-Hakim, Suriyya wa’l-‘ahd al-Faysali [Syria and the Faysali era] (Beirut: Dar An-Nahar, 1986), p. 102.
19 “Resolution of the General Syrian Congress at Damascus,” reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 180–182.
20 “King-Crane Recommendations,” in ibid., p. 195.
21 Al-Husri, Day of Maysalun, p. 79.
22 Elie Kedourie, “Sa’ad Zaghlul and the British,” St. Antony’s Papers 11, 2 (1961): 148–149.
23 McPherson’s letters on the 1919 Revolution are reproduced in Barry Carman and John McPherson, eds., The Man Who Loved Egypt: Bimbashi McPherson (London: Ariel Books, 1985), pp. 204–221.
24 Huda Shaarawi, Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist, trans. and ed. Margot Badran (New York: The Feminist Press, 1986), p. 34.
25 Ibid., pp. 39–40.
26 Ibid., p. 55.
27 Ibid., pp. 92–94.
28 Al-Istiqlal, October 6, 1920, reproduced in Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani, al-‘Iraq fi dawray al-ihtilal wa’l intidab [Iraq in the occupation and mandate eras] (Sidon: al-’Irfan, 1935), pp. 117–118.
29 Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 36–45.
30 Published by Shaykh Muhammad Baqr al-Shabibi in Najaf, July 30, 1920. Reproduced in al-Hasani, al-‘Iraq, pp. 167–168.
31 Ghassan R. Atiyya, Iraq, 1908–1921: A Political Study (Beirut: Arab Institute for Research and Publishing, 1973).
32 Muhammad Abd al-Husayn, writing in the Najaf newspaper al-Istiqlal, October 6, 1920, reproduced in al-Hasani, al-’Iraq, pp. 117–118.
33 Aylmer L. Haldane, The Insurrection in Mesopotamia, 1920 (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1922), p. 331.
Chapter 7
1 Charles E. Davies, The Blood-Red Arab Flag: An Investigation into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820 (Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1997), pp. 5–8, 190. See also Sultan Muhammad al-Qasimi, The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf (London: Croom Helm, 1986).
2 Agreement between Britain and the Shaykh of Bahrain signed December 22, 1880, in J. C. Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Affairs, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), p. 432.
3 From the Exclusive Agreement between Bahrain and Britain signed March 13, 1892, in ibid., p. 466.
4 Great Britain, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 55, cols. 1465–1466, cited in ibid., p. 570.
5 De Bunsen Report of June 30, 1915, reprinted in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 28–29.
6 Middle East Centre Archives, St. Antony’s College, Oxford (hereafter MECA), Philby Papers 15/5/241, letter from Sharif Husayn to Ibn Saud dated February 8, 1918.
7 MECA, Philby Papers 15/5/261, letter from Sharif Husayn to Ibn Saud dated May 7, 1918.
8 King Abdullah of Transjordan, Memoirs (New York: Philosophical Library, 1950), p. 181.
9 Documents captured by Saudi forces in the second battle of Khurma (June 23–July 9, 1918) showed Hashemite forces numbered 1,689 infantry and some 900 cavalry and other troops, for a total of 2,636 troops. MECA, Philby Papers 15/5/264.