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160 Richard L. Merritt, Symbols of American Community, 1735-1775 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p. 174, 180.

161 John M. Murrin, "A Roof Without Walls: The Dilemma of American National Identity", in Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward С Carter II, eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), p. 339; Merritt, Symbols of American Community, p. 58.

162 Albert Harkness, Jr., "Americanism and Jenkins' Ear", Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 37, (June 1950), p. 88; E. McClung Fleming, "Symbols of the United States: From Indian Queen to Uncle Sam", in Ray B. Browne, Richard H. Crowder, Virgil L. Lokke, and William T. Stafford, eds., Frontiers of American Culture (Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Studies, 1968), p. 4.

163 Merritt, Symbols of American Community p. 56, 125, 144, Table 8-2.

164 Fisher Ames quoted in Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Random House, 1966), p. 403,416; Elbridge Gerry quoted in Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787: Proceedings, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p. 552; Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill Wang, 1995), p. 30; Henry Steele Commager, Jefferson, Nationalism, and the Enlightenment (New York: George Braziller, 1975), p. 162; John Marshall quoted in Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 423; John Calhoun, Letter to Oliver Dyer, 1 January 1849; John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 21ff; Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 218.

165 Commager, Jefferson, Nationalism, and the Enlightenment, p. 159.

166 Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Norton, 1979), p. 18ff.

167 Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 218.

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168 Boorstin, The Americans, p. 362-65.

169 Ibid., p. 370, 373, 367.

170 Bodnar, Remaking America, p. 21, 26; Stuart McCo

171 Abraham Lincoln, "The Perpetuation of our Political Institutions", speech, 27 January 1837, Springfield, IL, in The Speeches of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Chesterfield Society, 1908), p. 9-10.

172 Merle Curti, The Roots of American Loyalty (New York: Columbia University Press, 1946), p. 169-170.

173 Boorstin, The Americans p. 402; Gaines M. Foster, "A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant", in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 123; Spillman, Nation and Commemoration,

p. 24-25.

174 Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), p. 39; Willard Saulsbury quoted in Keller, Affairs of State, p. 69.

175 John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925 (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988), p. 344.

176 Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon Schuster, 2000), p. 384ff, citing Theda Skocpol, "How Americans Became Civic", in Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina, eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).

177 Cecilia Elizabeth O'Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 49.

178 Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 105-106, 106; McCo

179 Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 75-76.

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180 Cecilia Elizabeth O'Leary, '"Blood Brotherhood: ' The Racialization of Patriotism, 1865-1918", in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 54, 73, 75-76; Curti, The Roots of American Loyalty, p. 192.

181 O'Leary, "'Blood Brotherhood,'" in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 57-58, 64; Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 170-71.

182 Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 144, citing Boyd С Shafer, Faces of Nationalism: New Realities and Old Myths (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), p. 203; O'Leary, "'Blood Brotherhood,'" p. 65, citing Bessie Louise Pierce, Public Opinion and the Teaching of History in the United State (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926), p. 13-16.

183 Curti, Roots of American Loyalty, p. 190.

184 Zelinsky, p. 29, 56, 150; Bessie Louise Pierce, Civic Attitudes in American School Textbooks (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1930), p. 254.

185 Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 86-88.

186 Catherine Albanese, "Requiem for Memorial Day: Dissent in the Redeemer Nation", American Quarterly, 26 (1974), p. 389; Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 74.

187 Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 204-5.

188 Ibid., p. 202-3; O'Leary, To Die For, p. 201-24; Boleslaw Mastai and Marie-Louise D'Orange, The Stars and Stripes: The American Flag As Art and As History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present (New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 130, quoted in Zelinsky, Nation into State, p.202-3.

189 O'Leary, To Die For, p. 233-234, citing Halter v. Nebraska 205 U. S. 34-46 and quoting Halter et at. v. State 105 Northwestern Reporter, p. 298-301.

190 J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of 18th-Century America (New York: Penguin, 1981), p. 68, 70; Israel Zangwill, The Melting Pot: A Drama in Four Acts (New York: Arno Press, 1975), p. 184.

191 Milton M. Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origin (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 89; Michael Novak, Further

597

Reflections on Ethnicity (Middletown, PA: Jednota Press,1977),p.59.

192 Horace M. Kallen, The Structure of Lasting Peace: An Inquiry into the Motives of War and Peace (Boston: Marshall Jones Company, 1918), p. 31; Horace M. Kallen, Cultural Pluralism and the American Ideal: An Essay in Social Philosophy (Philadelphia: University of Pe

193 Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 51.

194 Randolph Bourne quoted in T. Alexander Aleinkoff, "A Multicultural Nationalism", American Prospect, no. 36 (January-February 1998), p. 81.

195 Arthur Ma

196 Theodore Roosevelt quoted in Gordon, Assimilation in American Life, p. 122 from Edward N. Saveth, American Historians and European Immigrants, 1875-1925 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948), p. 121.