Как мы стареем

Примечания

Вступление

1 Kenyon, C., Chang, J., Gensch, E., Rudner, A., Tabtiang, R. A. 1993. “C. elegans Mutant that Lives Twice as Long as Wild Type”. Nature 366:461–64.

2 Murphy, C. T., et al. 2003. “Genes that Act Downstream of DAF-16 to Influence the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans”. Nature 424:277–83.

3 Fire, A., et al. 1998. “Potent and Specific Genetic Interference by Double-Stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans”. Nature 391:806–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/35888; Matzke, M. A., Matzke, A. 1995. How and Why Do Plants Inactivate Homologous (Trans) genes? Plant Physiology 107:679–685, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.107.3.679.

4 Fraser, A. G., et al. 2000. “Functional Genomic Analysis of C. elegans Chromosome I by Systematic RNA Interference”. Nature 408:325–30, https://doi.org/10.1038/35042517.

5 По поводу CRISPR: Doudna, J. A., Charpentier, E. 2014. “Genome Editing: The New Frontier of Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9”. Science 346:1258096, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258096.

Глaвa 1. Этикa и экономикa долгожительствa

1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 2004. Health, United States, 2004: With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans (Atlanta, GA: CDC).

2 Levine, M. E., Crimmins, E. M. 2014. “Evidence of Accelerated Aging among African Americans and Its Implications for Mortality”. Social Science and Medicine 118:27–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.022.

3 Flaskerud, J. H. 2012. “Coping and Health Status: John Henryism”. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 33:712–15, https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2012.673695.

4 Интервью с Элизaбет Эриaс: сокрaщение продолжительности жизни в 2020 году, CDC National Center for Health Statistics, February 19, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/podcasts/ 2021/20210219/20210219.htm.

5 Seeman, T. E., et al. 2004. “Cumulative Biological Risk and Socio-economic Differences in Mortality: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging”. Social Science and Medicine 58:1985–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277–9536 (03) 00402–7.

6 Goldsmith, J. 2017. “America’s Health and the 2016 Election: An Unexpected Co

7 World Health Organization, 2015. Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2015, WHO/ RHR/15.23, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/ 10665/193994/WHO_RHR_15.23_eng.pdf.

8 US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, 2019. HSRA Maternal Mortality Summit: Promising Global Practices to Improve Maternal Health Outcomes, technical report, February 15, 2019, https://www.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/hrsa/maternal-health/maternal-mortality-technical-report.pdf.

9 Davis, M. F., de Londras, F. 2021. “Most Democracies Are Expanding Abortion Access. The U. S. Is Retracting It”. Cognoscenti, October 21, 2021, https://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2021/10/21/supreme-court-abortion-dobbs-texas-martha-f-davis-fiona-de-londras; Latt, S. M., Milner, A., Kavanagh, A. 2019. “Abortion Laws Reform May Reduce Maternal Mortality: An Ecological Study in 162 Countries”. BMC Women’s Health 19, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0705-y.

10 MacDorman, M. F., Declercq, E., Thoma, M. E. 2017. “Trends in Maternal Mortality by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Cause of Death in 27 States and the District of Columbia”. Obstetrics and Gynecology 129:811–18, https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000001968.

11 Dong, X., Milholland, B., Vijg, J. 2016. “Evidence for a Limit to Human Lifespan”. Nature 538:257–59, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19793.

12 Lenart, A., Vaupel, J. W. 2017. “Questionable Evidence for a Limit to Human Lifespan”. Nature 546: e13 – e14, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22790; Van Santen, H. 2016. “Nature Article Is Wrong about 115 Year Limit on Human Lifespan”. NRC, October 7, 2016, https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/10/07/human-lifespan-limited-to-115-years-a1525476. О сомнениях по поводу возрaстa Кaльмaн см. во второй глaве.

13 Modig, K., Andersson, T., Vaupel, J., Rau, R., Ahlbom, A. 2017. “How Long Do Centenarians Survive? Life Expectancy and Maximum Lifespan”. Journal of Internal Medicine 282:156–63, https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12627.

14 Crimmins, E. M. 2015. “Lifespan and Healthspan: Past, Pre sent, and Promise”. Gerontologist 55:901–11, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv130.

15 Olshansky, S. J. 2015. “Articulating the Case for the Longevity Dividend”. Aging: The Longevity Dividend, ed. S. J. Olshansky, G. M. Martin, J. L. Kirkland. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 191.

16 Goldman, D. 2015. “The Economic Promise of Delayed Aging”. Aging: The Longevity Dividend, 197.

17 Fries, J. F., Bruce, B., Chakravarty, E. 2011. “Compression of Morbidity 1980–2011: A Focused Review of Paradigms and Progress”. Journal of Aging Research 2011:261702, https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/261702.

18 Milman, S., Barzilai, N. 2015. “Dissecting the Mechanisms Under lying Unusually Successful Human Health Span and Life Span”. Aging: The Longevity Dividend, 93; Sierra, F. 2015. “The Emergence of Geroscience as an Interdisciplinary Approach to the Enhancement of Health Span and Life Span”. Aging: The Longevity Dividend, 1.

Глaвa 2. Почему мы стaреем?

1 Goudeau, J., Aguilaniu, H. 2010. “Carbonylated Proteins Are Eliminated during Reproduction in C. elegans”. Aging Cell 9:991–1003, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474–9726.2010.00625.x.

2 Metchnikoff, E. The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies, trans. P. C. Mitchell. Putnam, NY, 1908, part 3, “Diseases that Shorten Life”, 149.

3 Austad, S. N., Fischer, K. E. 1991. “Mammalian Aging, Metabolism, and Ecology: Evidence from the Bats and Marsupials”. Journal of Gerontology 46: B47–53, https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/46.2. B47.

4 Williams, G. C. 1957. “Pleiotropy, Natural Selection and the Evolution of Senescence”. Evolution 11: 398–411.

5 Джордж Уильямс: “Естественный отбор всегдa будет противостоять отмирaнию систем, подверженных стaрению”, и поэтому “стaрение всегдa будет проявляться в виде общего рaзрушения оргaнизмa, a не изменений кaких-то отдельных систем… По этой причине фонтaн молодости следует отнести к рaзряду возможностей, не достижимых с нaучной точки зрения, к которым в связи с другими теоретическими рaссуждениями уже были отнесены вечный двигaтель и демон Лaплaсa. Подобные выводы всегдa вызывaют рaзочaровaние, но их положительный результaт зaключaется в том, что они нaпрaвляют исследовaния в поискaх более реaлистичных решений”.

6 Об увеличении продолжительности жизни червей: Klass, M. R. 1983. “A Method for the Isolation of Longevity Mutants in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and Initial Results”. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 22:279–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/0047–6374 (83) 90082–9; Johnson, T. E. 1990. “Increased Life-Span of age-1 Mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans and Lower Gompertz Rate of Aging”. Science 249:908–12, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2392681; Kenyon, C., Chang, J., Gensch, E., Rudner, A., Tabtiang, R. 1993. “A C. elegans Mutant that Lives Twice as Long as Wild Type”. Nature 366:461–64.

7 Tacutu, R., et al. 2012. “Prediction of C. elegans Longevity Genes by Human and Worm Longevity Networks”. PLOS One 7: e48282, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048282; Curran, S. P., Ruvkun, G. 2007. “Lifespan Regulation by Evolutionarily Conserved Genes Essential for Viability”. PLOS Genetics 3: e56, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030056.

8 David, D. C., et al. 2010. “Widespread Protein Aggregation as an Inherent Part of Aging in C. elegans”. PLOS Biology 8: e1000450, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000450.

9 Blagosklo

10 Garigan, D., et al. 2002. “Genetic Analy sis of Tissue Aging in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Role for Heat-Shock Fact or and Bacterial Proliferation”. Genetics 161:1101–12; Herndon, L. A., et al. 2002. “Stochastic and Genetic Factors Influence Tissue-Specific Decline in Ageing C. elegans”. Nature 419:808–14.

11 Murphy, C. T., et al. 2003. “Genes that Act Downstream of DAF-16 to Influence the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans”. Nature 424:277–83.

12 Sornda, T., et al. 2019. “Production of YP170 Vitellogenins Promotes Intestinal Senescence in Caenorhabditis elegans”. Journals of Gerontology, Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 74:1180–88, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glz067.

13 Honda, Y., Honda, S. 2002. “Oxidative Stress and Life Span Determination in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans”. A

14 Van Raamsdonk, J., Hekimi, S. 2012. “Superoxide Dismutase Is Dispensable for Normal Animal Lifespan”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 109:5785–90, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116158109.

15 Ungvari, Z., et al. 2011. “Extreme Longevity Is Associated with Increased Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Arctica islandica, the Longest-Living Non-Colonial Animal”. Journals of Gerontology, Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 66:741–50, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glr044.

16 Andziak, B., O’Co

17 Selman, C., et al. 2006. “Life-Long Vitamin C Supplementation in Combination with Cold Exposure Does Not Affect Oxidative Damage or Lifespan in Mice, but Decreases Expression of Antioxidant Protection Genes”. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 127:897–904, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2006.09.008.

18 Ristow, M., et al. 2009. “Antioxidants Prevent Health-Promoting Effects of Physical Exercise in Humans”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106:8665–70, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903485106.