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Thus, a set of key problems necessary for the analysis of extreme communities as an anthropological phenomenon can be defined as follows: (1) norms of aggression and semiotics of violence in the social interaction, (2) the individual’s dependence upon performing a particular social role, and (3) transformation of the personal value system during the transition from one sociocultural environment to another.
The analysis of these problems contributes to answering the questions of why educated and civilized people when joining the army adopt really inhumanly cruel forms of social contact; why their victims take violence as a social norm; and how it is possible to revive human moral values.
There are many archetypal correlations between social symbolism of non-formal hierarchy of regimented communities and archaic societies. But that is no reason to explore evolutionary schemes. I prefer identity terms ‘archaic’ and ‘archetypal’ rather then ‘archaic’ and ‘primitive’. On expected data we can trace re-actualization of archetypes of unconsciousness in circumstances of cultural vacuum as the only basis for the consolidation of a chaotically gathered community under the suppression of legal violence. Social relationships in regimented communities are not primitive. Strange forms of relationships are produced by natural adaptation function of deep structures of the subconscious, realized in the artificial conditions of their mechanical and violent consolidation. The problem of a cultural vacuum is solved by re-actualized archetypal paradigms as a factor of sociogenesis.
A.G.Kozintsev
WORLD UPSIDE DOWN: MARGINALIA ON A BOOK BY LEO SAMOILOV fL.S.KLEJN]
Leo Samoilov, in his tragic and provocative book on the late Soviet prison community, a member of which he himself was, pointed to numerous parallels linking it with certain late archaic stratified societies. In his view, which is consonant with modem “evolutionary psychology”, deficit of culture causes human behavior to become more natural (in the biological sense) and regress to an earlier stage of social evolution. However, the emergence and rapid evolution of stratification in the prisoners’ community over 130 years, as witnessed by Dostoyevsky, Chekhov, Solzhenitsyn, and Samoilov, among others, suggest that the process was historically determined rather than “regressive”. At no stage can the prisoners’ behavior be described as less cultural and accordingly more natural. This raises more general issues relevant for current debates over “human nature”. In my view, no such thing exists. A species-specific behavioral norm is incompatible with culture.
L.S.KIejn
WE, CRO-MAGNON PEOPLE
This article on the mal-adaptation of human to the modern culture can be considered as the development of Freud’s idea (in his article on “dissatisfaction with culture”). The cause of this is to be sought in the difference in tempos of biological and social evolution. Man is formed under the impact of adaptation to both the natural environment and socio-cultural conditions, and his physiological properties have changed spasmodically rather than gradually and so man, as a physiological being, on each stage soon becomes in disharmony with his own cultural development and milieu. The GULAG camps provide a test for this inference.
L.S.Klejn
CULTURE, PRIMORDIAL PRIMITIVISM AND CONCENTRATION CAMP
As suggested by the similarities of camp criminal culture to primordial culture, the author defends his idea of the mal-adaptation of man, as a physiological being, to modem culture. In his objection Kozintsev says that the penal servitude originated under the Tsars and developed through four stages. Yet in its first stages (under the Tsars) the aims were only to punish the criminal; in Soviet times its aim was to recompense the criminal via collective labour. But the labour is slavish in the camps, and the collective is itself criminal: so it ca
L.S.Klejn
CULTURAL-HISTORICAL PROCESS AND THEORY OF COMMUNICATION
The paradox of cultural development is in the interplay of continuity and breaks. In the light of information theory the cultural-historical process can be seen as a net of communication stretched over time. Accordingly the breaks in development can be seen as infringements of conditions. These conditions are: the existence of panels (circuit boards), sufficient quantity and quality of cha
СВЕДЕНИЯ ОБ АВТОРАХ
Клейн Лев Самуилович
Известный петербургский археолог и культуролог, доктор исторических наук, подготовивший не одно поколение специалистов. Два десятилетия он преподавал археологию в Санкт-Петербургском университете и антропологию там же и в Европейском Университете Петербурга. Преподавал также в Берлине, Дарэ-ме, Вене, Копенгагене, Сиэттле; читал лекции в Кембридже, Оксфорде, Мадриде, Стокгольме, Осло и других городах. Является автором многочисленных книг и статей по теории археологии, конкретным вопросам бронзового, железного веков и культурной антропологии.
Кабо Владимир Рафаилович
Советский этнограф, сотрудник Института этнографии и антропологии АН СССР, доктор исторических наук, был незаконно репрессирован, эмигрировал в Америку. Автор ряда книг по этнографии австралийцев и по теории этнографии.
Левинтон Георгий Ахиллович
Российский фольклорист и литературовед, кандидат филологических наук, преподаватель Европейского университета в Петербурге.
Гилинский Яков Ильич
Известный петербургский юрист, криминолог-теоретик, доктор юридических наук, профессор, заведующий сектором в Институте социологии РАН. В его многочисленных трудах содержится глубокий анализ трудностей «перевоспитания» преступников и критика нынешней российской пенитенциарной системы.
Банников Константин Леонардович
Социолог, журналист, фотограф и путешественник, кандидат исторических наук, доцент Российского государственного гуманитарного университета, Москва, Россия. Известен работами по формированию идеологий и субкультур в закрытых обществах, в частности по истокам дедовщины.
Козинцев Александр Григорьевич
Крупный российский антрополог, доктор исторических наук, главный научный сотрудник Музея антропологии и этнографии РАН, Санкт-Петербург, Россия.
Отрощенко Виталий Васильевич
Известный украинский археолог, доктор исторических наук, профессор, заведующий отделом археологии энеолита-бронзового века Института археологии НАН Украины (Киев).
УКАЗАТЕЛИ
Именной указатель
(в случаях замены фамилий в книге сначала здесь приводятся псевдонимы или титулы, затем в скобках истинные фамилии, имена и отчества; некоторые, однако, оставлены под псевдонимами)
А
А. Е., читатель из Ленинграда 228
А. П., читатель из Москвы 226
A-в профессор, учитель (проф.
Артамонов Михаил Илларионович) 23,43