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4. Some adverbs, called “adverbs of frequency” tell how often or regularly an action occurs; never, rarely, seldom, sometimes, occasionally, often, always and also once a week, twice a month, etc.
5. Adverbs modify not only verbs. They are also often used to modify an adjective or another adverb. Here are a few of the more frequent such adverbs; very, extremely terribly, fairly, somewhat, too, almost, quite. Bill Gates is very rich. He runs his company quite efficiently.
Some adverbs are used almost exclusively with certain adjectives.
You should learn and use these adjective-adverb combinations. A good dictionary should be able to give you this information.
Task 1. Insert the appropriate adjective or adverb in the blanks in the following sentences.
1. A servant thought that Charles Darwin was ___ (idle/idly) because he stared at an anthill for an hour.
2. Darwin wanted to observe every creature in ___ (minute/ minutely) detail.
3. He studied ants and turtles ___ (particular/particularly) ___ (close/closely).
4. Darwin always held a ____ (powerful/powerfully) affection for family.
5. He wanted to observe ___ (accurate/accurately) human beings' emotions.
6. Darwin argued that love, affection, morality, and sympathy had ___ (gradual/gradually) developed from our primate.
7. Even baboons can feel ___ (evil, evilly) passions.
8. When corroding the proofs for his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Lower Animals, Darwin ___(emphatic/emphatically) deleted (he word "lower."
Tricky Adjective and Adverb Forms
1. Some adverbs do not add -ly to the adjective form.
They seem to be good writers. They write well.
He is a fast swimmer. He swims fast
She is a hard worker. She works hard.
Take care with hard and hardly. The adverb farm hardly does exist, but it is not associated with the adjective hard and it has negative co
’scarcely' or '‘almost not at all.”
He hardly ever offers to help.
I’d hardly describe her looks as beautiful!
2. After linking verbs such as feel, seem, and income, use an adjective.
The teachers feel bad.
Some verbs (such as appear, look, see, smell, taste) can be used as either linking verbs or action verbs.
She looked sad when she heard the news, look – linking verb)
She looked sadly around the room, (look – action verb)
Never place an adverb between a verb and the direct object. The following sentence is incorrect in English.
The teacher reviewed systematically the lenses.
He is certainly very intelligent/ he is very intelligent, certainly
3. Another type of adverb that can move around in the sentence is one that modifies the whole sentence, for example, fortunately, actually, obviously, certainly, and recently.
Certainly, he is very intelligent.
He is certainly very intelligent.
He is very intelligent, certailnly.
4. The adverb only also has the ability to move around in the sentence, but its position changes the meaning of the sentence.
In the following sentence – the context of which is a bus accident – the word only can be inserted at each one of the points (1-6) indicated. Except for when it appears at points 4 and 6. the position of only changes the meaning of the sentence. Can you work out the fixe different meanings of this sentence, depending on the position of only?
(1) The (2) passenger (3) hint (4) his (5) arm (6).
5. Many adverbs of frequency (such as always, sometimes, often, seldom, usually, frequently) modify the whole sentence and not just the verb. They usually occur in the middle position in a sentence after the subject.
He always behaves tactfully, (before a main verb)
He has always spoken tactfully to his boss, (after the first auxiliary verb)
He is always tactful, (after be as the main verb)
6. Adverbial phrases are best placed at the end of a sentence.
She approached me in a very friendly ma
My friend works out in the gym three times a week.
Task 2. Use an insertion mark (√) to indicate where to place the given adverb in the sentence.
Example: Tom Hanks makes political speeches, (sometimes)
Answer: Tom Hanks sometimes makes political speeches.
1. Tom Hanks plays romantic roles, (frequently)
2. He acts very well, (usually)
3. He has played a villain a few times, (only)
4. He prepares for each role, (apparently, with a great deal of care)
5. In the film Castaway, he managed to alter his body, (drastically)
6. He has won an Oscar twice even though he has been nominated many times, (only)
7. He was grateful to receive the Oscar for Best Actor two years in a row – 1994 and 1995. (extremely)
8. Hanks accepts the Oscar, (always, graciously)
Comparisons
1. To form comparative and superlative forms of most one-syllabic adjectives, add -er and -est endings.
cool cooler coolest
warm warmer warmest
2. Comparative forms are usually followed by the word than, Superlative forms are almost always preceded by the word the.
In Brazil, January is warmer than July.
In Canada, July is the warmest month.
One-syllable adjectives ending In a single vowel + a single consonant double the consonant when adding the -er and -est endings,
big bigger biggest
hot hotter hottest
3. To form comparative and superlative forms of most adjectives of more than one syllable, use more and most (or less and least).
famous more famous most famous
efficient less efficient least efficient
Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -le are the exception to this rule- For Inject Ives ending in -yt change the у to / and add the -er or -est ending. For adjectives ending in -ie, just add r or st to the ending.
pretty prettier prettiest
simple simpler simplest
Do not use both the -er form and more or both the -esf form and most.
My car is more faster than yours.
My car is the most fastest on the block.
To form the comparative and superlative forms of ly adverbs, use more and most (or less and least).
carefully more carefully most carefully.
4. Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular forms for the comparative and superlative: good/ well -better- best bad/badly – worse – worst
Task 3. Choose the correct words in italics. If both options are correct, choose both.
1. The colour scheme for the party is red orange/ red and orange.
2. Dieter had always wanted an expensive German/ a German expensive sports car.
3. The old cottage has brick and stone/ brick stone walls and a charming thatched roof.