Страница 11 из 58
41. While I (try) to get my car started, a passing car (stop) and the driver (offer) to help me.
42. Penicillin was discovered when Alexander Fleming (find) some mould growing on a laboratory dish he (leave) beside the window.
43. David (admit) that he (hit) the other car, but (say) he (not/damage) it.
44. Jane (miss) the party because no one (inform) her about it.
45. It (turn) out that they (use) that business for quite a time as a screen for their drug-dealing activities.
46. Hardly Harry (start) working when he (realize) that he (need) to go to the library.
47. As Lucy (walk) home, she (try) to remember what (happen).
48. Because Sam and Tony (do) all the work themselves, they (be) unwilling to give the results to John.
49. By the time Liz (be) eighteen she (study) English for six years.
50. Hopi Indians (raise) cotton to make cloth for centuries before the arrival of Europeans in the American Southwest.
51. We (fly) for twenty minutes when the pilot (a
52. By the time the last marathon ru
53. The house (burn) to the ground by the time the fire brigade (arrive).
4. Correct errors where necessary.
1. The jumper was shrinking when I had washed it.
2. Mike got really exhausted in his first marathon because he didn't run such a long race before.
3. The light in the room showed that Mr Simpson had been waiting for me.
4. The Titanic had been travelling to New York when it hit an iceberg and sank in the Atlantic.
5. The footballer ran towards the goal when he fell over.
6. George said that he didn't decide yet which side to support.
7. I took the decision after I have spoken to him.
8. Bill was working at the same problem for two hours when Jack phoned him and asked if he solved it.
9. I knew that Nick had boarded with an American family since his arrival and he had been learning a great deal about American habits and customs.
10. I found out why my pen friend didn't get my letters. I've been sending them to the wrong address!
1.6. WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE ACTIONS IN ENGLISH
A. The Future Simple Tense
FORMATION
The Future Simple (Indefinite) tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary shall/will and the Infinitive of the main verb without to.
Table 10
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I
shall
work
I
shall not
work
shall
I
work?
you
he
she
it
will
you
he
she
it
will not
will
you
he
she
it
we
shall
we
shall not
shall
we
you
they
will
you
they
will not
will
you
they
Contractions
'11 = will (shall) shan't = shall not won't = will not
In modern English will is preferable with all persons. Any difference between shall and will disappears in everyday speech, where the contractions I'll and we'll are normally used.
USAGE
The Future Simple (Indefinite) denotes:
1. A predicted future action, a happening which is inevitable and out of anybody's control.
Next year I'll be 18.
Spring will come soon.
In 100 years' time there will be a lot more people
than there are now.
Reference to the future is typically indicated by adverbials of time such as tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in a week (month, year), next year, in 2008, etc. Sometimes reference to the future is clear from the situation.
Spring has come, so the snow will start melting, the birds will come back home.
2. An action which the speaker regards as possible, probable or likely to happen in future (near or remote).
I'm sure he'll get better.
I don't think I'll go out tonight, I'm too tired.
No doubt you'll enjoy the performance.
I don't think A
Do you think they'll win the match?
I'll probably be a bit late this evening. 3. An action decided on spontaneously, out of circumstances (i.e. an action which is not part of a plan).
Don't lift the suitcase. I'll help you.
It looks like rain. I'll take my umbrella then.
It's Kate's birthday tomorrow. - Is it? O.K. I'll send her a card this afternoon.
What would you like to drink? - I'll have a coke, please.
Close in meaning to this case is the use of the Future Simple in complex sentences with clauses of time and real condition. It must be remembered that the Future Simple is found only in the principal clause, whereas the subordinate clause takes the Present Simple or the Present Perfect (to express a completed action).
I'll phone you as soon as I arrive.
When you return home you'll notice a lot of changes.
It's pouring down. We'll get wet through if we go out.
When you see Jane again, you won't recognize her.
Come on! Mum will be worried if we are late again.
I won't send the parcel until I hear from you.
As soon as Bob and Ash ton have got married they'll move to California.
I shan’t phone you until I have done my homework.
In Indirect Speech when the reporting verb in the principal clause is in the Past tense the Future Simple tense is replaced by the Future in the Past and the adverbials like tomorrow, next week, etc. are replaced by the next day, the next week, etc.
We knew that Christie would phone the next week. Brian informed us he would go to university the next year.
B. The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense
This tense-form is used to denote a near-future action which arises out of arrangement or plan and is sure to happen. It is frequently associated with the verbs of movement (go, come, arrive, fly, move, etc), but other groups of verbs are used as well.
I m leaving tomorrow.
My dad is flying to Paris tonight.
Wednesday won't do, I'm ajraid I'm attending a conference.
She says she's baby-sitting tonight.
Note the use of the Continuous forms of the verbs 'see, hear' in the meaning of 'meet', 'learn'т colloquial English. I'm seeing the dentist tomorrow.
C. The Construction «to he going + Infinitive»
This is used to denote:
1. Apian or personal intention.
Bill is going to sell his car.
What are you going to do at Christmas?
2. To predict future events, based on concrete evidence.