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In recognition of Ibrahim’s services to the Ottoman state in defeating the Wahhabis, Sultan Mahmud II promoted Muhammad ‘Ali’s son to the rank of pasha and named him governor of the Hijaz. In this way, the Red Sea province of the Hijaz became the first addition to Muhammad ’Ali’s empire. Henceforth, the Egyptian treasury would benefit from the customs revenues of the port of Jidda, which, given its importance in the Red Sea trade and as a gateway for the a