The Arabs: A History

59 Doc. 74, Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, November 20, 1977, in Israel’s Foreign Relations: Selected Documents, vols. 4–5: 1977–1979, posted to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs website, www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israels+Foreign+Relations+since+1947/1977–1979/. Emphasis added by the author.

60 Boutros-Ghali, Egypt’s Road to Jerusalem, pp. 134–135.

61 The statistics are drawn from Saad Eddin Ibrahim, “Oil, Migration, and the New Arab Social Order,” pp. 53, 55.

62 Ibid., pp. 62–65.

63 Boutros-Ghali, Egypt’s Road to Jerusalem, pp. 181–182, 189.

64 Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi, 2000), pp. 395–396.

Chapter 13

1 Giles Kepel, The Prophet and the Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt (London: Saqi, 1985), p. 192.

2 Mohamed Heikal, Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat (London: Deutsch, 1983), pp. xi–xii.

3 Sayyid Qutb, “The America I Have Seen,” in Kamal Abdel-Malek, ed., America in an Arab Mirror: Images of America in Arabic Travel Literature (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2000), pp. 26–27.

4 Ibid., p. 10.

5 Sayyid Qutb, Ma‘alim fi’l-tariq [lit. “Signposts along the road,” often translated under the title Milestones] (Cairo: Maktabat Wahba, 1964). There are many English editions of Qutb’s Milestones. The edition I cite was published in Damascus by Dar al-Ilm (no date). These arguments from the introduction, pp. 8–11; ch. 4, “Jihad in the Cause of God,” p. 55; ch. 7, “Islam Is the Real Civilization,” p. 93.

6 Ibid., ch. 11, “The Faith Triumphant,” p. 145.

7 Zaynab al-Ghazali, Return of the Pharaoh: Memoir in Nasir’s Prison (Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, n.d.), pp. 40–41.

8 Ibid., pp. 48–49.

9 Ibid., p. 67.

10 One of Hadid’s recruits recounted his experiences to a Syrian judge, reproduced in translation in Olivier Carrй and Gйrard Michaud, Les frиres musulmans [The Muslim brothers] (1928–1982) (Paris: Gallimard, 1983), p. 152.

11 Ibid., p. 139.

12 Isa Ibrahim Fayyad had been arrested in Jordan and accused of being part of a Syrian assassination squad sent to kill the Jordanian prime minister. His account of the massacre in the Tadmur Prison was reproduced in ibid., pp. 147–148.

13 The anonymous eyewitness account was recorded by a Washington Post correspondent and reproduced in the article “Syrian Troops Massacre Scores of Assad’s Foes,” June 25, 1981.

14 Thomas Friedman, From Beirut to Jerusalem (London: Collins, 1990), p. 86.

15 Quoted in Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 518.

16 Emphasis in the original; ibid., p. 512.

17 Quoted in ibid., pp. 480, 520.

18 Quoted in Augustus Richard Norton, Hezbollah (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 19.

19 On the Maronite-Israel alliance, see Kirsten E. Schulze, Israel’s Covert Diplomacy in Lebanon (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 104–124.

20 On Sharon’s plans for the restructuring of the Middle East, see Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), pp. 395–400.

21 Lina Mikdadi, Surviving the Siege of Beirut: A Personal Account (London: Onyx Press, 1983), pp. 107–108.

22 Colonel Abu Attayib, Flashback Beirut 1982 (Nicosia: Sabah Press, 1985), p. 213.

23 Mikdadi, Surviving the Siege of Beirut, p. 121.

24 Ibid., pp. 132–133.

25 From the official translation of the Final Report of “The Commission of Inquiry into the Events at the Refugee Camps in Beirut, 1983,” chaired by the president of the Israeli Supreme Court, Yitzhak Kahan, pp. 12, 22.

26 Selim Nassib with Caroline Tisdall, Beirut: Frontline Story (London: Pluto, 1983), pp. 148–158.

27 Naim Qassem, Hizbullah: The Story from Within (London: Saqi, 2005), pp. 92–93.

28 Ibid., pp. 88–89.

29 The full text of this foundation document, “Open Letter Addressed by Hizbullah to the Downtrodden in Lebanon and in the World” of February 16, 1985, is reproduced in Augustus Richard Norton, Amal and the Shi’a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987). Passage quoted on pp. 174–175.

30 Fisk, Pity the Nation, p. 460.

31 Norton, Hezbollah, p. 81.

32 Abdullah Anas, Wiladat “al-Afghan al-‘Arab”: Sirat Abdullah Anas bayn Mas’ud wa ‘Abdullah ’Azzam [The birth of the “Arab Afghans”: The autobiography of Abdullah Anas between Mas?ud and Abdullah ?Azzam] (London: Saqi, 2002), p. 14. Born Bou Jouma?a, he adopted the alias Anas as his surname after joining the Afghan jihad.

33 For a brief biography, see Thomas Hegghammer, “Abdallah Azzam, the Imam of Jihad,” in Gilles Kepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli, eds., Al Qaeda in Its Own Words (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 81–101.

34 Abdullah ’Azzam, “To Every Muslim on Earth,” published in Arabic in the magazine he edited from Afghanistan, Jihad, March 1985, p. 25.

35 Abdullah ‘Azzam, “The Defense of Muslim Territories Constitutes the First Individual Duty,” in Keppel and Milelli, pp. 106–107.

36 The full record of U.S. support for the Afghan mujahidin is provided by Steve Coll in Ghost Wars (New York: Penguin, 2004); figures for the Carter years p. 89; for 1985, p. 102.

37 Anas, Wiladat “al-Afghan al-’Arab,” p. 15.

38 Ibid., pp. 16–17.

39 Ibid., pp. 25–29.

40 Ibid., pp. 33–34.

41 Interview with Zaynab al-Ghazali, Jihad, December 13, 1985, pp. 38–40.

42 Anas, Wiladat “al-Afghan al-‘Arab,” p. 58.

43 Ibid., p. 67.

44 Ibid., p. 87.

45 Shaul Mishal and Reuben Aharoni, Speaking Stones: Communiquйs from the Intifada Underground (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1994), p. 21.

46 Azzam Tamimi, Hamas: Unwritten Chapters (London: Hurst, 2007), pp. 11–12.

47 Sari Nusseibeh with Anthony David, Once Upon a Country: A Palestinian Life (London: Halban, 2007), p. 265.

48 Ibid., p. 269.

49 The charter was published on August 18, 1988; quote from art. 15. “Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) of Palestine,” Journal of Palestine Studies 22, 4 (Summer 1993): 122–134.

50 Communiquйs 1 and 2, in Mishal and Aharoni, Speaking Stones, pp. 53–58.

51 Nusseibeh, Once Upon a Country, p. 272.

52 M. Cherif Bassiouni and Louise Cainkar, eds., The Palestinian Intifada—December 9, 1987–December 8, 1988: A Record of Israeli Repression (Chicago: Database Project on Palestinian Human Rights, 1989), pp. 19–20.

53 Ibid., pp. 92–94.

54 Hamas Communiquй No. 33, December 23, 1988, and UNC Communiquй No. 25, September 6, 1988, in Mishal and Aharoni, Speaking Stones, pp. 125–126, 255.

55 UNC Communiquй No. 25, September 6, 1988, in Mishal and Aharoni, Speaking Stones, p. 125.

56 Nusseibeh, Once Upon a Country, pp. 296–297.

57 Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 624.

58 Cited in Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 466.

59 Communiquй No. 33, December 23, 1988, in Mishal and Aharoni, Speaking Stones, p. 255.

60 Robert Hunter, The Palestinian Uprising: A War by Other Means (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991), p. 215.

Chapter 14