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[135] Strominger, quoted in Taubes, “Black Holes and Beyond.”
[136] Xi Yin (Harvard University), interview with author, October 14, 2008.
[137] Ibid.
[138] Xi Yin, interview with author, October 22, 2008.
[139] Frederik Denef (Harvard University), interview with author, August 26, 2008.
[140] Xi Yin, interview with author, October 14, 2008.
[141] Aaron Simons, interview with author, February 9, 2007.
[142] Ibid.
[143] J. M. Maldacena, A. Strominger, and E. Witten, “Black Hole Entropy in M‑Theory” Journal of High Energy Physics 9712 (1997), http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/hepth/pdf/9711/9711053vl.pdf.
[144] Juan Maldacena (IAS), interview with author, September 4, 2008.
[145] Hirosi Ooguri, Andrew Strominger, and Cumrun Vafa, “Black Hole Attractors and the Topological String,” Physical Review D 70 (2004).
[146] Cumrun Vafa (Harvard University), interviewwith author, September 26, 2008.
[147] James Sparks (Harvard University), interview with author, February 6, 2007.
[148] Amanda Gefter, “The Elephant and the Event Horizon,” New Scientist (October 26,2006): 36–39.
[149] John Preskill, “On Hawking’s Concession,” July 24, 2004, http://www.theory.caltech.edu/~preskill/jp_24jul04.html.
[150] Andrew Strominger (Harvard University), interview with author, February 7, 2007.
[151] Juan Maldacena, “The Illusion of Gravity,” Scientific American , November 2005, pp. 57–58, 61.
[152] Davide Castelvecchi, “Shadow World,” Science News 172 (November 17,2007).
[153] Taubes, “Black Holes and Beyond.”
[154] L. Frank Baum, The Wizard of Oz (Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger, 2004), p. 111.
[155] Volker Braun (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), interview with author, November 4, 2008.
[156] Philip Candelas (Oxford University), interview with author, December 1, 2008.
[157] Ibid.
[158] Andrew Strominger (Harvard University), interview with author, February 7, 2007.
[159] Cumrun Vafa, “The Geometry of Grand Unified Theories,” lecture, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., August 29, 2008.
[160] Chris Beasley (Stony Brook University), interview with author, November 13, 2008.
[161] Burt Оvrut (University of Pe
[162] Ovrut, interview with author, February 2, 2007.
[163] Ron Donagi (University of Pe
[164] Donagi, interview with author, November 19, 2008.
[165] Candelas, interview with author, December 1, 2008.
[166] Donagi, interview with author, May 3, 2008
[167] Ovrut, interview with author, November 20, 2008.
[168] Donagi, interview with author, November 20, 2008.
[169] Ovrut, interview with author, November 20, 2008.
[170] Shamit Kachru (Stanford University), interview with author, November 4, 2008.
[171] Michael Douglas (Stony Brook University), interview with author, August 20, 2008.
[172] Candelas, interview with author, December 1, 2008.
[173] Simon Donaldson (Imperial College), interview with author, November 29, 2008.
[174] Ovrut, interview with author, November 19, 2008.
[175] Candelas, interview with author, December 1, 2008.
[176] Strominger, interview with author, February 7, 2007.
[177] Adrian Cho, “String Theory Gets Real – Sort Of,” Science 306 (November 26, 2004): 1,461.
[178] Candelas, interview with author, December 1, 2008.
[179] Allan Adams (MIT), interview with author, November 15, 2008.
[180] Gary Shiu, quoted in Adrian Cho, “String Theory Gets Real – Sort Of” Science 306 (November 26, 2004): 1,461.
[181] Shamit Kachru (Stanford University), e‑mail letter to author, December 6, 2008.
[182] Shamit Kachru, Renata Kallosh, Andrei Linde, and Sandip Trivedi, “De Sitter Vacua in String Theory,” Physical Review D 68 (2003).
[183] Raman Sundrum (Johns Hopkins University), interview with author, February 22, 2007.
[184] Liam McAllister (Cornell University), interview with author, November 12, 2008.
[185] Kachru, interview with author, September 8, 2007.
[186] Liam McAllister (Princeton University), interview with author, February 20, 2007.
[187] Joe Polchinski (University of California, Santa Barbara), interview with author, February 6, 2006.
[188] David Gross, quoted in De
[189] Burton Richter, “Randall and Susskind,” letter to editor, New York Times , January 29, 2006.
[190] Leonard Susskind, The Cosmic Landscape (New York: Little Brown, 2006), pp. 354–355.
[191] Tristan Hubsch (Howard University), interview with author, November 7, 2008.
[192] Mark Gross (Stanford University), interview with author, October 31, 2008.
[193] Gross, interview with author, September 19, 2008.
[194] Miles Reid (University of Warwick), interview with author, August 12, 2007.
[195] Allan Adams (MIT), interview with author, October 31, 2008.
[196] Gross, interview with author, October 31, 2008.
[197] Adams, interview with author, October 31, 2008.
[198] Tristan Hubsch, e‑mail letter to author, December 15, 2008.
[199] Melanie Becker (Texas A&M University), interview with author, February 1, 2007.
[200] Andrew Strominger (Harvard University), interview with author, February 7 , 2007.
[201] Li‑Sheng Tseng (Harvard University), interview with author, December 17, 2008.
[202] Becker, interview with author, February 1, 2007.
[203] Polchinski, interview with author, January 29, 2007.
[204] Strominger, interview with author, August 1, 2007.
[205] Burt Ovrut (University of Pe
[206] Geoffrey Landis, “Vacuum States,” Asimov's Science Fiction 12 (July 1988): 73–79.
[207] Andrew R. Frey, Matthew Lippert, and Brook Williams, “The Fall of Stringy de Sitter,” Physical Review D. 68 (2003).
[208] Sidney Coleman, “Fate of the False Vacuum: Semi‑classical Theory,” Physical Review D . 15 (May 15, 1977): 2,929‑2,936.
[209] Steve Giddings (University of California, Santa Barbara), interview with author, September 24, 2007.
[210] Matthew Kleban (New York University), interview with author, January 17, 2008.
[211] De
[212] Andrei Linde (Stanford University), interview with author, December 27, 2007.
[213] Giddings, interview with author, October 17, 2007.
[214] Shamit Kachru (Stanford University), interview with author, September 18, 2007.
[215] Linde, interview with author, December 27, 2007.
[216] Henry Tye (Cornell University), interview with author, September 12, 2007.
[217] Linde, interview with author, January 10, 2008.
[218] S. W. Hawking, “The Cosmological Constant,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A . 310 (1983): 303–310.
[219] Kleban, interview with author, January 17, 2008.
[220] Steven B. Giddings, “The Fate of Four Dimensions,” Physical Review D . 68 (2003).
[221] Geoffrey Landis, “Vacuum States,” Asimov's Science Fiction 12 (July 1988): 73–79.
[222] Andrew R. Frey, Matthew Lippert, and Brook Williams, “The Fall of Stringy de Sitter,” Physical Review D. 68(2003).
[223] Sidney Coleman, “Fate of the False Vacuum: Semi‑classical Theory,” Physical Review D. 15 (May 15, 1977): 2,929‑2,936.
[224] Steve Giddings (University of California, Santa Barbara), interview with author, September 24, 2007.
[225] Matthew Kleban (New York University), interview with author, January 17, 2008.
[226] De