Страница 97 из 142
Table 3. China’s percentage share of certain commodities exported by African states.
Figure 34. Composition of Chinese imports from sub-Saharan Africa.
Table 4. Africa’s mineral reserves versus world reserves.
Figure 35. Chinese share of global consumption of commodities in 2006.
Figure 36. Where does China get its oil from?
Figure 37. Rapid growth of China’s trade with Africa.
Figure 38. Foreign direct investors in sub-Saharan Africa.
Oil now accounts for over half of African exports to China, [1046] with Angola having replaced Saudi Arabia as the country’s largest single oil provider, supplying 15 per cent of all its oil imports. [1047] China has oil interests in Algeria, Angola, Chad, Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, Congo and Nigeria, including substantial exploration rights, notably in Angola, Sudan and Nigeria. Sudan exports half of its oil to China, representing 5 per cent of the latter’s total oil needs. [1048] Already over 31 per cent of all China’s oil imports come from Africa and that is set to rise with the purchase of significant stakes in Nigeria’s delta region. [1049] Over the past decade, China’s imports in all the major primary commodity categories, except ores and metals, grew much more rapidly from Africa than from the rest of the world. Africa now accounts for a massive 20 per cent of China’s total timber imports. [1050] China has overtaken the UK to become Africa’s third most important trading partner after the United States and France, though Africa still accounts for only 3 per cent of total Chinese trade. [1051] While the value of US-Africa trade in 2006 was $71.1 billion, China-Africa trade is rapidly closing the gap at $50.5 billion. [1052] With 80 °China-financed projects, valued at around $1.25 billion in 2005 — before the 2006 conference — Chinese investment in Africa still accounts for only around 1 per cent of total foreign investments in Africa, but future projections suggest that China will very soon become one of the three top investors in the continent after France and the UK. [1053] It seems only a matter of time before China becomes Africa’s largest trading partner and its biggest source of foreign investment, probably by a wide margin, though India may one day emerge as a serious competitor.
The evidence of the growing Chinese presence in Africa is everywhere: Chinese stallholders in Zambia, Chinese lumberjacks in the Central African Republic, Chinese tourists in Zimbabwe, Chinese newspapers in South Africa, Chinese geologists in Sudan, Chinese cha
China’s impact on Africa has so far, it would appear, been positive. [1065] First, it has driven up both demand and prices for those many African countries that are commodity exporters, at least until the onset of the global downturn. Sub-Saharan Africa’s GDP increased by an average of 4.4 % in 2001-4, 5–6% in 2005-6, and a projected 7 % in 2007, compared with 2.6 % in 1999–2001, [1066] with China clearly the major factor since it has accounted for most of the increase in the global consumption of commodities since 1998. [1067] In addition, the growing availability of cheap Chinese manufactured goods has had a beneficial effect for consumers. [1068] The losers have been those countries that are not commodity exporters or those producers — as in South Africa, Kenya and Mauritius, for instance — which compete with Chinese manufacturing exports. [1069] Chinese textile exports have led to many redundancies in various African nations, notably South Africa, Lesotho and Kenya. [1070] Overall, however, there have been a lot more wi
[1046] Daniel Large, ‘As the Begi
[1047] Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, ‘Honour and Shame? China ’s Africa Ties in Comparative Context’, in Leni Wild and David Mepham, eds, The New Sinosphere (London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 2006), p. 54; Chris Alden, China in Africa (London: Zed Books, 2007), p. 67.
[1048] Ndubisi Obiorah, ‘Who’s Afraid of China in Africa? Towards an African Civil Society Perspective on China-Africa Relations’, in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa , pp. 47- 8.
[1049] Alden, China in Africa , p. 12.
[1050] John Rocha, ‘A New Frontier in the Exploitation of Africa’s Natural Resources: The Emergence of China’, in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa, p. 22.
[1051] Leni Wild and David Mepham, introduction in Wild and Mepham, The New Sinosphere, p. 2.
[1052] Alden, China in Africa , p. 104.
[1053] Sautman and Yan, ‘Honour and Shame?’, p. 58.
[1054] John Blessing Karumbidza, ‘Win-Win Economic Co-operation: Can China Save Zimbabwe’s Economy?’, in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa, p. 89.
[1055] Alden, China in Africa, pp. 14, 39–40; Kitissou, Africa in China’s Global Strategy, p. 171.
[1056] Alden, China in Africa, p. 49; ‘A Troubled Frontier: Chinese Migrants in Senegal ’, South China Morning Post, 17 January 2008.
[1057] Howard W. French, ‘Chinese See a Continent Rich with Possibilities’, International Herald Tribune, 15 June 2007.
[1058] Sautman and Yan, ‘Honour and Shame?’, p. 59.
[1059] Alden, China in Africa , pp. 52-3.
[1060] Ibid., pp. 52-3, 55, 84-5.
[1061] Abah Ofon, ‘South-South Co-operation: Can Africa Thrive with Chinese Investment? ’, in Wild and Mepham, The New Sinosphere, p. 27.
[1062] Lindsey Hilsum, ‘ China, Africa and the G8 — or Why Bob Geldof Needs to Wake Up’, in Wild and Mepham, The New Sinosphere, pp. 6–7.
[1063] Mark Curtis and Claire Hickson, ‘Arming and Alarming? Arms Exports, Peace and Security’, in Wild and Mepham, The New Sinosphere, p. 41.
[1064] Alden, China in Africa , p. 26.
[1065] Interview with Jeffrey Sachs, ‘ Africa ’s Long Road Out of Poverty’, International Herald Tribune, 11 April 2007.
[1066] Marks, introduction in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa, p. 5.
[1067] Raphael Kaplinsky, ‘Wi
[1068] Ibid., p. 18.
[1069] Ibid.
[1070] Alden, China in Africa , pp. 79–82.
[1071] Ibid., pp. 44, 68.
[1072] Rocha, ‘A New Frontier in the Exploitation of Africa’s Natural Resources’, p. 29.
[1073] Examples of public projects include the construction of an extension to the parliament building in Uganda, presidential palaces in Kinshasa and Harare, and new offices for the ministries of foreign affairs in Angola and Mozambique; Alden, China in Africa, p. 23.
[1074] Kaplinsky, ‘Wi
[1075] Text of Chinese president’s speech to Nigerian General Assembly, 27 April 2006, posted on www.fmprc.gov.cn.