Beowulf

Jotunheimr—the home of the giants, also known as Jotunheim, who dwell beyond the great wall of. Midgard.

Loki, Loki Skywalker—son of the giants Fárbauti and

Laufey and foster brother of Odin, Loki was responsible for the murder of the god Baldr. For this crime, the Æsir bound Loki to three stone slabs and placed above him a serpent, whose searing venom drips into Loki’s eyes. When he writhes, the earth quakes. Loki will be freed at Ragnarök, where he will meet and slay Heimdall, but later die of his wounds.

Lyngvi—the island where the Æsir bound the wolf Fenrir. Lyngvi is located in a lake known as Ámsvartnir (“red-black”).

Máni—son of the giants Mundilfæri and Glaur, Máni is the Norse god of the moon. Every night he pulls the moon across the sky, pursued by the wolf Hati. Come Ragnarök, Hati will finally catch Máni and attempt to devour the moon.

Menhirs—standing stones, megaliths.

merwif—Grendel’s mother; Old English, literally “water woman” or “woman of the mere.”

Midgard—in Norse mythology, the realm set aside for man by the Æsir, divided from the rest of the cosmos by a great wall constructed from the eyebrows of the giant Ymir. Midgard is an English transliteration of Old Norse Miðgarðr (“middle enclosure”). Middle English transforms Miðgarðr to Middellærd (or Middel-erde), or “middle-earth.”

Midgard serpent—(see Jörmungand).

Mörsugur—in the Old Norse calendar, the midwinter month, following Frermánudr.

Mundilfæri—in Norse mythology, a giant, father of the sun goddess Sól and the moon god Máni by the giantess Glaur; also Mundilfäri.

Muspéll—a giant associated with Ragnarök, who dwelt in the primeval realm of fire bordering Gi

Nerthus—a Germanic fertility goddess associated with water; also known as Nerpuz, Hertha. Some Beowulf scholars believe that “Grendles modor” may have been intended as an incarnation of this goddess.

Nidafjöll—(see Dark Fells).

Nidhögg, Nidhögg Rootnibbler—the great dragon that dwells beneath the “World Ash” Yggdrasil, gnawing always at the roots of the great tree. Also Níðhöggr (“malice-striker”).

Niflheim—the Norse “land of mists,” to be found north of Gi

Njörd, Njördr—in Norse mythology, one of the Vanir, a god of wind and seacoasts, of fishermen and sailing. Njord has the power to calm either sea or fire. Husband of Skaði, father of Yngvi-Freyr and Freyja.

Norns—the women who spin the fate of the cosmos beneath the boughs of Yggdrasil. The three most prominent are Urðr (“fate”), Verðandi (“to become”), and Skuld (“shall”), who not only spin destiny but tend the roots of the World Ash lest they rot. The arrival of these three powerful giantesses from Jötunheimr heralded the end of the golden age of the Æsir.

Odin, Odin Allfather, Odin Hel-binder, Odin Langbard—the central god in the Norse pantheon.

With his brothers, Vili and Vé, Odin slew the ur-giant Ymir and used the dead giant’s corpse to order the cosmos. After hanging on the World Ash for nine days, pierced by his own spear, Odin won wisdom to rule the nine worlds. At the cost of his left eye, he drank from the Well of Wisdom and gained knowledge of the past, present, and future. With the other Æsir, Odin will fall at Ragnarök.

Ragnarök—Old Norse, “twilight” or “fate of the gods.” Ragnarök is the final battle between the Æsir and the forces of chaos, including Loki and his monstrous offspring, along with the other giants. Ragnarök will destroy almost all the universe and will herald a new age.

Rán—wife of Ægir and mother of the nine daughters, Rán is a goddess of the sea. It is said that Rán had a net with which she sometimes snared unfortunate sailors. Indeed, Rán means “theft.” All men who drown at sea are taken by Rán.

sahagin—“sea hag,” a phrase applied to Grendel’s mother.

Sigurd Dragonslayer—an heroic figure of Norse mythology, also figuring prominently in the Icelandic Völsunga saga. Foster son of the god Regin, Sigurd slays Fafnir (son of the dwarf king Hreidmar and brother of Regin), who has assumed the form of a dragon. Sigurd is known in Old Norse as Sigurðr and in Old German as Siegfried.

Skoll—the wolf that pursues the chariot of the goddess Sól across the sky each day.

skorsten—Swedish, a chimney.

Skuld—(see Norns).

Scylding—Old English (plural Scyldingas), Old Norse Skjöldung (plural Skjöldungar), translates as “shielding” and refers to members of a family of royal Danes and also to their people. The etymology of the word may be traced to King Scyld/ Skjöld.

Sól—goddess of the sun, daughter of Mundilfæri and Glaur, wife of Glen; Sól bears the sun across the daytime sky in a golden chariot.

Svartálfheim—the subterranean realm of the dwarves.

Thor Giant-killer—the Norse god of thunder, son of Odin and Jörd. Thor wields the hammer Mjolnir, and at Ragnarök, he will die while slaying the World Serpent.

Twilight of the Gods—Ragnarök.

Urdarbru