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16. IV. IX. Pompeius.
17. IV. XI. Italian Revenues.
18. V. VII. Caesar in Spain.
19. V. VII. Venetian War ff.
20. III. VI. Scipio Driven Back to the Coast.
21. V. X. Caesar Takes the Offensive.
22. V. VII. Illyria.
23. As according to formal law the "legal deliberative assembl", undoubtedly, just like the "legal court" could only take place in the city itself or within the precincts, the assembly representing the senate in the African army called itself the "three hundred", (Bell. Afric. 88, 90; Appian, ii. 95), not because it consisted of 300 members, but because this was the ancient normal number of senators (i. 98). It is very likely that this assembly recruited its ranks by equites of repute; but, when Plutarch makes the three hundred to be Italian wholesale dealers (Cato Min. 59, 61), he has misunderstood his authority (Bell. Afr. 90). Of a similar kind must have been the arrangement as to the quasi-senate already in Thessalonica.
24. V. X. Indignation of the Anarchist Party against Caesar.
25. V. X. The Pompeian Army.
26. V. IV. And Brought Back by Gabinius.
27. V. X. Caesar's Fleet and Army in Illyricum Destroyed.
28. According to the rectified calendar on the 5th Nov. 705.
29. V. X. Result of the Campaign as a Whole.
30. The exact determination of the field of battle is difficult. Appian (ii. 75) expressly places it between (New) Pharsalus (now Fersala) and the Enipeus. Of the two streams, which alone are of any importance in the question, and are undoubtedly the Apidanus and Enipeus of the ancients - the Sofadhitiko and the Fersaliti - the former has its sources in the mountains of Thaumaci (Dhomoko) and the Dolopian heights, the latter in mount Othrys, and the Fersaliti alone flows past Pharsalus; now as the Enipeus according to Strabo (ix. p. 432) springs from mount Othrys and flows past Pharsalus, the Fersaliti has been most justly pronounced by Leake (Northern Greece, iv. 320) to be the Enipeus, and the hypothesis followed by Goler that the Fersaliti is the Apidanus is untenable. With this all the other statements of the ancients as to the two rivers agree. Only we must doubtless assume with Leake, that the river of Vlokho formed by the union of the Fersaliti and the Sofadhitiko and going to the Peneius was called by the ancients Apidanus as well as the Sofadhitiko; which, however, is the more natural, as while the Sofadhitiko probably has, the Fersaliti has not, constantly water (Leake, iv. 321). Old Pharsalus, from which the battle takes its name, must therefore have been situated between Fersala and the Fersaliti. Accordingly the battle was fought on the left bank of the Fersaliti, and in such a way that the Pompeians, standing with their faces towards Pharsalus, leaned their right wing on the river (Caesar, B. C. iii. 83; Frontinus, Strat. ii. 3, 22). The camp of the Pompeians, however, ca
31. III. VIII. Battle of Cynoscephalae.
32. With this is co
33. V. I. Indefinite and Perilous Character of the Sertorian War.
34. [I may here state once for all that in this and other passages, where Dr. Mommsen appears incidentally to express views of religion or philosophy with which I can scarcely be supposed to agree, I have not thought it right - as is, I believe, sometimes done in similar cases - to omit or modify any portion of what he has written. The reader must judge for himself as to the truth or value of such assertions as those given in the text. - Tr.]
35. V. IX. Passive Resistance of Caesar.
36. V. X. The Armies at Pharsalus.