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20. V. V. Rehabilitation of Saturninus and Marius.
21. Such an apology is the Catilina of Sallust, which was published by the author, a notorious Caesarian, after the year 708, either under the monarchy of Caesar or more probably under the triumvirate of his heirs; evidently as a treatise with a political drift, which endeavours to bring into credit the democratic party - on which in fact the Roman monarchy was based - and to clear Caesar's memory from the blackest stain that rested on it; and with the collateral object of whitewashing as far as possible the uncle of the triumvir Marcus Antonius (comp. e. g. c. 59 with Dio, xxxvii. 39). The Jugurtha of the same author is in an exactly similar way designed partly to expose the pitifulness of the oligarchic government, partly to glorify the Coryphaeus of the democracy, Gaius Marius. The circumstance that the adroit author keeps the apologetic and inculpatory character of these writings of his in the background, proves, not that they are not partisan treatises, but that they are good ones.
22. V. XII. Greek Literati in Rome.
1. V. IV. Aggregate Results.
2. The impression of the first address, which Pompeius made to the burgesses after his return, is thus described by Cicero (ad Att. i. 14): prima contio Pompei non iucunda miseris (the rabble), inanis improbis (the democrats), beatis (the wealthy) non grata, bonis (the aristocrats) non gravis; itaque frigebat.
3. IV. X. Regulating of the Qualifications for Office.
4. V. V. New Projects of the Conspirators.
5. V. VI. Pompeius without Influence.
6. IV. IX. Government of Ci
7. IV. XII. Oriental Religions in Italy.
8. V. V. Transpadanes.
9. IV. X. Cisalpine Gaul Erected into a Province.
10. V. IV. Cyprus A
11. IV. VI. Violent Proceedings in the Voting.
12. V. IV. Cyprus A
1. IV. I. The Callaeci Conquered.
2. IV. IX. Spain.
3. V. I. Renewed Outbreak of the Spanish Insurrection.
4. V. I. Pompeius in Gaul.
5. V. I. Indefinite and Perilous Character of the Sertorian War.
6. V. V. Conviction and Arrest of the Conspirators in the Capital.
7. V. I. Pompeius Puts and End to the Insurrection.
8. IV. II. Scipio Aemilianus.
9. There was found, for instance, at Vaison in the Vocontian canton an inscription written in the Celtic language with the ordinary Greek alphabet. It runs thus: segouaros ouilloneos tooutious namausatis eiorou beileisamisosin nemeiton. The last word means "holy".
10. An immigration of Belgic Celts to Britain continuing for a considerable time seems indicated by the names of English tribes on both banks of the Thames borrowed from Belgic cantons; such as the Atrebates, the Belgae, and even the Brita
11. The first levy of the Belgic cantons exclusive of the Remi, that is, of the country between the Seine and the Scheldt and eastward as far as the vicinity of Rheims and Andernach, from 9000 to 10,000 square miles, is reckoned at about 300,000 men; in accordance with which, if we regard the proportion of the first levy to the whole men capable of bearing arms specified for the Bellovaci as holding good generally, the number of the Belgae capable of bearing arms would amount to 500,000 and the whole population accordingly to at least 2,000,000. The Helvetii with the adjoining peoples numbered before their migration 336,000; if we assume that they were at that time already dislodged from the right bank of the Rhine, their territory may be estimated at nearly 1350 square miles. Whether the serfs are included in this, we can the less determine, as we do not know the form which slavery assumed amongst the Celts; what Caesar relates (i. 4) as to the slaves, clients, and debtors of Orgetorix tells rather in favour of, than against, their being included.
That, moreover, every such attempt to make up by combinations for the statistical basis, in which ancient history is especially deficient, must be received with due caution, will be at once apprehended by the intelligent reader, while he will not absolutely reject it on that account.
12. "In the interior of Transalpine Gaul on the Rhine", says Scrofa in Varro, De R. R. i. 7, 8, "when I commanded there, I traversed some districts, where neither the vine nor the olive nor the fruit-tree appears, where they manure the fields with white Pit-chalk, where they have neither rock - nor sea-salt, but make use of the saline ashes of certain burnt wood instead of salt". This description refers probably to the period before Caesar and to the eastern districts of the old province, such as the country of the Allobroges; subsequently Pliny (H. N. xvii. 6, 42 seq.) describes at length the Gallo-Brita
13. "The Gallic oxen especially are of good repute in Italy, for field labour forsooth; whereas the Ligurian are good for nothing". (Varro, De R. R. ii. 5, 9). Here, no doubt, Cisalpine Gaul is referred to, but the cattle-husbandry there doubtless goes back to the Celtic epoch. Plautus already mentions the "Gallic ponie", (Gallici canterii, Aul. iii. 5. 21). "It is not every race that is suited for the business of herdsmen; neither the Bastulians nor the Turdulian", (both in Andalusia) "are fit for it; the Celts are the best, especially as respects beasts for riding and burden (iumenta)", (Varro, De R. R. ii. 10, 4).
14. We are led to this conclusion by the designation of the trading or "roun" as contrasted with the "lon" or war vessel, and the similar contrast of the "oared ship", (epikopoi veies) and the "merchantme", (olkades, Dionys. iii. 44); and moreover by the smallness of the crew in the trading vessels, which in the very largest amounted to not more than 200 men (Rhein. Mus. N. F. xi. 625), while in the ordinary galley of three decks there were employed 170 rowers (III. II. The Romans Build A Fleet). Comp. Movers, Phoen. ii. 3, 167 seq.
15. IV. V. Transalpine Relations of Rome.
16. IV. V. Defeat of Longinus.
17. IV. V. Transalpine Relations of Rome.
18. This remarkable word must have been in use as early as the sixth century of Rome among the Celts in the valley of the Po; for E