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THIRTY
AS THE NEWS spread by mouth and phone call, people began to turn on their transistor and tabletop radios, and their television sets, to get the details of the King assassination. Many i
“This is no time to hate,” said Terry. “And let me tell you something, white man… you better stop hating, too.”
After speaking on the phone with leaders in Memphis, black activist Stokely Carmichael went to the SNCC offices on 14th Street, a couple of blocks north of U, and conferred with some of the leaders of its Washington bureau. He proposed a strike that would force closure of area businesses in honor of Dr. King. He reasoned that stores should shut down out of respect, as they had upon the assassination of JFK. While the officers of the SNCC favored some sort of protest, they did not approve of such a drastic move. Carmichael, wearing shades and his trademark fatigue jacket, disregarded their wishes and left the office to begin rounding up supporters who could help him facilitate his strike.
Soon after, Carmichael and a group of followers entered the Peoples Drug at 14th and U, the site of Tuesday night’s disturbance, and asked the manager to close the store in honor of Dr. King. The manager complied, darkening the lights in the store. Carmichael then led a crowd, now grown to thirty or forty individuals, from shop to shop, going from dry cleaner to liquor store to barbershop, speaking to the owners or managers on shift, telling them all to close up shop. All complied.
The crowd then headed east on U. A light drizzle had begun, not uncommon on an April night.
The owner of the Jumbo Nut Shop, a woman, was asked to lock her doors. Ushers and box office attendants at the Republic Theater were told to terminate their first evening showing. A couple of Carmichael’s followers walked into the auditorium of the Lincoln Theater and shouted to the audience, watching Guess Who’s Coming to Di
At 9:30, someone shattered the plate-glass window of the Peoples Drug.
The Reverend Walter Fauntroy, chairman of the Washington City Council and a close confidant to Dr. King, watched the trouble begin from the second-floor offices of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, next to the Peoples Drug. He went down to the street to talk to Carmichael and his followers, whose numbers had now swelled even more. Carmichael shook his arm from the diminutive Fauntroy’s grasp and walked north on 14th, with hundreds in tow. Fauntroy would spend the balance of the evening going from TV station to radio station, urging “black brothers and sisters” to react to their grief “in the spirit of nonviolence.” His words came too late and went unheeded.
The impromptu parade of protesters closed restaurants and businesses on 14th as they had done on U. Behind them, a trash can finished the Peoples window. Next, a bottle crashed through the window of National Liquor. Chants of “Black power,” “Kill whitey,” and “We go
As of 10:00, there appeared to be little police presence on the street. Officials were aware of the growing problem and had begun to send units down to the scene. Public Safety Director Patrick Murphy instructed officers to try to maintain order but retreat from any “imminent confrontation.”
Five blocks north of U, at the top of the hill, a woman pushed her backside through the plate-glass window of Belmont TV. A few people tried to get into the display area to take some televisions but were blocked by Carmichael and a couple of SNCC workers. Carmichael produced a pistol from his jacket, waved it, and told his agitated followers that this was not “the way.”
Meanwhile, crowds had regathered at 14th and U. As he walked south and neared the intersection, Carmichael could clearly discern that he was no longer in control of the situation. The crowd had grown considerably and its movements were erratic and unbridled. The voices of the participants had risen in anger and something like glee. Carmichael got into a waiting car and sped away. He would not be seen for the remainder of the night.
At around 10:30, the crowd broke the windows of Sam’s Pawnbrokers and Rhodes Five and Ten, both south of U, and began to steal jewelry, television sets, transistor radios, appliances, useless trinkets, and anything else that was not locked up or nailed down. SNCC volunteers tried to stop them. They were laughed at and brushed aside.
Imploding glass sounded as the display windows of many stores around 14th and U were shattered. The London Custom Shop was looted, as were the surrounding shops. North of U, people began spilling out of tenement-style apartments, some in curiosity, some in anger, some with the purposeless mentality of a mob, and began to damage and rob stores.
An informal command post was set up at the Thirteenth Precinct station near 16th and V. There, Mayor Walter Washington, Police Chief John B. Layton, and Patrick Murphy developed a rough consensual plan. The Special Operations Division (SOD) of the Civil Disturbance Unit (CDU), which had extensive training in counterriot activity, was called to duty. In addition, the four-to-midnight shift of active Thirteenth Precinct street officers was ordered to perform a double and work the midnight-to-eight a.m. as well. All available units were to report to the disturbance area of Shaw.
Officer Lydell Blue of the Thirteenth was among many to arrive in this wave.
Officers from other precincts who were not otherwise engaged were encouraged to join the Thirteenth’s effort in quelling the riot.
At the Sixth Precinct station house, Officer Strange, along with Officer Morris and two other uniformed cops, volunteered for duty. They got into a squad car and headed south.
Detective Frank Vaughn drove to the house of Vernon Wilson and told his mother that her son’s murderers had been found, and that those who were not killed in the attempted robbery would spend the rest of their lives in prison. He then went to the Villa Rosa, in downtown Silver Spring, and had a couple of drinks.
STRANGE AND THE others, grouped down near U, got their orders from a sergeant out of the Thirteenth.
“Maintain order through intimidation and threat. Use your nightsticks and tear gas only if you have to. Do not draw your guns.”
“Gas?” said one of the young police officers. “We don’t even have masks.”
“We’re short on masks,” said the sergeant.
“So we can’t draw our weapons,” said the young policeman, looking around at his fellow officers for support. “They’re lootin’ this whole block. We supposed to, what, stand back and let ’em?”
“Orders from above,” said the sergeant, repeating the command. “Intimidation and threat.”
Strange looked to the south. CDU officers wearing white riot helmets, gas masks, long white billy clubs on their belts, and armed with tear gas canisters, were not far behind them. They had formed at 14th and Swa