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30. III. VII. Latins.
31. Thus, as is well known, E
32. III. VII. Administration of Spain.
33. III. IX. Expedition against the Celts in Asia Minor.
34. III. X. Their Lax and Unsuccessful Management of the War f.
35. II. I. Term of Office.
36. III. VII. Administration of Spain.
37. III. XI. Italian Subjects, Roman Franchise More Difficult of Acquisition.
38. III. XI. Roman Franchise More Difficult of Acquisition.
39. In Cato's treatise on husbandry, which, as is well known, primarily relates to an estate in the district of Venafrum, the judicial discussion of such processes as might arise is referred to Rome only as respects one definite case; namely, that in which the landlord leases the winter pasture to the owner of a flock of sheep, and thus has to deal with a lessee who, as a rule, is not domiciled in the district (c. 149). It may be inferred from this, that in ordinary cases, where the contract was with a person domiciled in the district, such processes as might spring out of it were even in Cato's time decided not at Rome, but before the local judges.
40. II. VII. The Full Roman Franchise.
41. II. VII. Subject Communities.
42. III. VIII. Declaration of War by Rome.
43. II. III. The Burgess-Body.
44. III. XI. Patricio-Plebian Nobility.
45. The laying out of the circus is attested. Respecting the origin of the plebeian games there is no ancient tradition (for what is said by the Pseudo-Asconius, p. 143, Orell. is not such); but seeing that they were celebrated in the Flaminian circus (Val. Max. i, 7, 4), and first certainly occur in 538, four years after it was built (Liv. xxiii. 30), what we have stated above is sufficiently proved.
46. II. II. Political Value of the Tribunate.
47. III. IX. Landing of the Romans.
48. III. IX. Death of Scipio. The first certain instance of such a surname is that of Manius Valerius Maximus, consul in 491, who, as conqueror of Messana, assumed the name Messalla (ii. 170): that the consul of 419 was, in a similar ma
49. III. XI. Patricio-Plebian Nobility.
50. II. III. New Opposition.
51. III. III. The Celts Conquered by Rome.
52. III. VI. In Italy.
53. III. III. The Celts Conquered by Rome.
54. III. VII. Liguria.
55. III. VII. Measures Adopted to Check the Immigration of the Transalpine Gauls.
56. III. VII. Liguria.
57. III. XI. The Nobility in Possession of the Equestrian Centuries.
58. III. V. Attitude of the Romans, III. VI. Conflicts in the South of Italy.
59. II. III. The Burgess-Body.
60. As to the original rates of the Roman census it is difficult to lay down anything definite. Afterwards, as is well known, 100,000 asses was regarded as the minimum census of the first class; to which the census of the other four classes stood in the (at least approximate) ratio of 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/9. But these rates are understood already by Polybius, as by all later authors, to refer to the light as (1/10th of the denarius), and apparently this view must be adhered to, although in reference to the Voconian law the same sums are reckoned as heavy asses (1/4 of the denarius: Geschichte des Rom. Munzwesens, p. 302). But Appius Claudius, who first in 442 expressed the census-rates in money instead of the possession of land (II. III. The Burgess-Body), ca
61. III. V. Fabius and Minucius.
62. II. I. The Dictator.
63. III. XI. Election of Officers in the Comitia.
64. III. V. Flaminius, New Warlike Preparations in Rome.
65. III. V. Fabius and Minucius.
66. III. XI. Squandering of the Spoil.
67. III. VI. Publius Scipio.
68. III. VI. The African Expedition of Scipio.
69. III. X. Humiliation of Rhodes.
70. II. II. Agrarian Law of Spurius Cassius.
1. In order to gain a correct picture of ancient Italy, it is necessary for us to bear in mind the great changes which have been produced there by modern cultivation. Of the cerealia, rye was not cultivated in antiquity; and the Romans of the empire were astonished to rind that oats, with which they were well acquainted as a weed, was used by the Germans for making porridge. Rice was first cultivated in Italy at the end of the fifteenth, and maize at the begi