New Year"s story

Андрей Тихомиров, Марина Попова

New Year's story

The concept of the New Year and its history

New Year is the time or day on which a new calendar year begins and the number of years in the calendar increases by one. Many cultures celebrate this event in one way or another. According to the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, the New Year falls on January 1st.

Since ancient times, the New Year has been celebrated as a universal one, and with the strengthening of state power, as a public holiday. At the same time, the New Year has always been perceived as a family holiday, as a holiday that co

Calendar customs and rituals of the a

Already in ancient times, philosophers and historians made attempts to define the phenomenon of the holiday, to clarify its role in the life of society (Plato, Aristotle). The holiday has been the subject of research by scientists in modern and recent times. Nowadays, philosophers, ethnographers, literary scholars, and folklorists are turning to the study of holidays. The complexity and versatility of the holiday as an indispensable part of human culture are also expressed in its social multifunctionality. Thus, modern researchers note the following functions of the holiday: the solemn renewal of life; communicative and regulatory functions; compensatory; emotional and psychological; ideological and moral-educational functions. Among the various types of holidays (the question of the classification of holidays is debatable), one of the most important are calendar holidays, which are most closely related to the traditional culture of peoples. The importance of the historical and ethnographic study of calendar holidays, as well as the folk customs and rituals associated with them, is determined by the fact that this research allows us to identify the genesis of the holidays themselves, the ancient sources of many customs and rituals, and trace the development of social institutions , folk beliefs, provides material for the study of problems of ethno-genesis and ethnic history of peoples, allows us to outline genetic and historical-cultural co

Calendar from Lat. calendarium, literally – a debt book (debtors paid interest on the 1st day of each month – a system for counting long periods of time, using the periodicity of natural phenomena, manifested especially clearly in the movements of the celestial bodies. The development of calendars reflects the conditions of the economic structure of peoples. Based on rich ethnographic material one can trace how identical forms of economic structure lead to the formation of similar calendar concepts. All nationalities have the concept of the year; the year is divided into seasons, the number of which is most often four, but can reach up to seven. Seasons are divided into smaller intervals (from 10 to 12 per year), having a co

The ancient Indo-Europeans, who originated as a linguistic group in the Southern Urals, had ideas about the calendar. During the Vedic period, the ancient Indo-European Indians developed sophisticated timekeeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals. For example, the Vedanga calendar in ancient India was based on astronomical research from the Vedic period and was not borrowed from other cultures.

A large number of calendar systems in the Ancient Near East were based on the Babylonian calendar dating from the Iron Age, among them the calendar system of the Persian Empire, which dates back to the Indo-European culture, which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar. The Babylonian New Year began with the first new moon after the northern equinox. The ancient celebrations lasted 11 days.

The basis of ancient Greek chronology was the counting of time according to the Olympiads – national festivals and games that took place once every 4 years in Olympia. The era of the Olympics is taken to be the summer of 776 BC; According to legend, the first Olympics took place this year.

In ancient times, calendars were lunisolar, depending on the introduction of intermediate months to align the solar and lunar years. This was largely observational, but there may have been early attempts to algorithmically model intercalation structure, as evidenced by the fragmentary 2nd century Coligny calendar. Depending on the calendar used, new years are often classified as lunar new years, lunisolar new years, or solar new years.

The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. His "Julian" calendar no longer depended on the observation of the new moon, but followed the algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This led to the separation of the calendar month from the lunar period.