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The Acheulean industry was discovered in South Arabia at the Mashhad III parking lot, the location of Jol-Urum (Hadhramaut). The Mashhad III site reveals similarities with the Ashel of the Middle East and the Kharga oasis in Egypt. The stone industry of the Upper Paleolithic from the sites of Hadramaut (Mashhad IV and V, Al-Gabr IV, X—XII, Wadi Dawan I—III, etc.) and the locations of Mahra (Wadi Hurut I and III) is more archaic compared to the European and Middle Eastern Upper Paleolithic industries and merges with the synchronous monuments of the Nile Valley and the Libyan Desert, forming a single cultural province with them. H. A. Amirkhanov considers Hadramaut materials as a South Arabian variant of the "oasis cultures" of the Afro-Asian strip of the dry tropics. On the territory of South Arabia, the most important stratified Neolithic complexes in Hadramaut are As-Safa I, Mashhad X—XI, in Mahr – Habarut I and II, Msabig canopy, Khbek cave. In the early Neolithic of Arabia (VIII—VI thousand BC), H. A. Amirkhanov identifies two sharply distinct cultural complexes: South Arabian and East Arabian. The industry of the East Arabian complex reveals its proximity to the pre-Ceramic Neolithic of the Middle East was formed under the direct influence of Mesopotamian cultural impulses.
In Turkey, not far from one of the oldest temple complexes in the world, Gebekli Tepe (Sanliurfa province), archaeologists have found 11 more large hills created by humans, mounds literally surround structures built about 12 thousand years ago, at a distance of 100 kilometers. A migration hub is also being formed here, from where people begin to move to other regions and form language groups. This is most likely where the so-called nostratic languages are created. Danish linguist X. Pedersen at one time put forward a hypothesis about the genetic co
As archaeological cultures that could be correlated with the area of the pan-Indo-European cultural complex, scientists call the Khalaf, Ubeid, Chatal-Huyuk cultures in Southwest Asia and the Kuro-Araksin in Transcaucasia. The secondary intermediate ancestral homeland of the Indo-Europeans, according to these scientists, was the Northern Black Sea region, where their settlement dates back to the III mille
The spread of Nostratic languages was probably both through the settlement of ancient people of the modern species, and through contacts between their various tribal groups. There is reason to assume that in southeast Asia, at about the same time, another ancient language macrofamily (or trunk) was formed – the Pacific, the differentiation of which led to the development of Sino—Tibetan, Austroasiatic and Austronesian languages. Other scientists (including many Soviet linguists) believed that the most likely time of the formation of language families are the later periods of history corresponding to the Neolithic (New Stone Age) and the Bronze Age of archaeological periodization (8-2 thousand BC). The formation of the oldest language families at this time was associated with the allocation of mobile, mainly pastoral tribes and their intensive migrations, which intensified the processes of language differentiation and assimilation. It should be noted, however, that the real differences between both points of view are not so great, since the formation of different language families did not occur at the same time and was a very long process.
Earlier than others, ethnic communities probably formed, speaking languages that are currently preserved among small peoples living on the periphery of the primitive ecumene – the land area inhabited by people (Greek. "eikeo" – to inhabit). These languages are distinguished by a great variety of phonetic composition and grammar, often forming imperceptible transitions between themselves, going back, perhaps, to the era of primitive linguistic continuity. Such languages, which are very difficult to geneologically classify, include the languages of American Indians, "Paleoasiates of Siberia", Australians, Papuans of New Guinea, Bushmen and Hottentots, and some peoples of West Africa already known to us.
The South Arabian cultural complex was formed on a local substrate and preserved the traditional (North African) direction of cultural ties. At the early stage of the late Neolithic of the Arabian Peninsula (V mille
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