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Ричард Грант
Англійська мова. Теорія і практика. Артикль
Вживання артиклiв
Перед кожним загальним іменником повинен стояти артикль.
Артикль не вживається, якщо перед іменником стоїть:
– присвійний займенник my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs
My (немає артикля) friend is very good. – Мой друг дуже хороший.
– вказівний займенник this, these, that, those, it, such, the same
That (немає артикля) boy is her brother. – Тот хлопчик – її брат.
– іншій іменник в присвійному відмінку
Her brother’s (немає артикля) name is Nick. – Им’я її брата – Нiк.
– кількісний числівник
They have got two (немає артикля) children. – У них двоє дiтей.
– заперечення no (не not!)
I have no (немає артикля) pet. – У меня не має домашньої тварини.
I am not a doctor. – Я не лiкар.
Згадуючи предмет вперше, ми вживаємо перед ним неозначений артикль a (an), який може вживатися тільки з обчислювальними іменниками, що стоять в однині. Перед необчислювальними іменниками або іменниками у множині неозначений артикль опускається.
Артикль a ставиться перед іменниками, починаючимися з голосного звуку, артикль an ставиться перед іменниками, починаючимися з приголосного звука.
Нижче наведені необчислювальні іменники, поділені на кілька смислових груп:
їжа: meat, salt, bread, chocolate, soup;
рідини: tea, coffee, lemonade, petrol, oil, shampoo;
матеріали і речовини: gold, wood, sand, paper, coal;
абстрактні поняття: happiness, love, friendship, beauty;
предмети вивчення і мови: chemistry, literature, Spanish;
хвороби: flu, mumps, measles;
інше: money, furniture, weather.
Згадуючи цей же предмет вдруге, ми ставимо перед ним означений артикль the, який вживається як з обчислювальними, так і з необчислювальними іменниками, як в однин і, так і в множині.
This is a book. The book is interesting. (book – обчислювальний іменник в однині)
This is (немає артикля) meat. The meat is fresh. (meat – необчислювальний іменник)
These are (немає артикля) books. The books are good. (books – обчислювальний іменник в множинi)
Вправи
Запам'ятайте:
This is a … – That is a … – It is a …
I have a … – Не has a …
I am a … – Не is a … – She is a …
I see a …
a lot of
Вправа 1
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. This is … pen. That is … pencil. 2. This is … book. It is my … book. 3. Is this your … pencil? – No, it isn’t my … pencil, it is my sister’s … pencil. 4. I have … sister. My … sister is … engineer. My sister’s … husband is … doctor. They have got two … children. 5. This is … girl. This … girl is their … daughter. Their daughter’s … name is A
Вправа 2
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. When is your … birthday? – My … birthday is (on) … 1st May. 2. Do you remember your mother’s … birthday? – Yes, I do. 3. His … uncle is generous and her … aunt is very kind. 4. That … man is very clever. His … book is recognized by a lot of people. 5. They know our … address. 6. Their … son speaks English very well. 7. My cousin’s … dog is small. Its … hair is curly. 8. Is this … watch? – No, it isn’t … watch, it’s … pen. 9. This … pen is good, and that … pen is bad. 10. I can see … pencil on your … table, but I can see no … paper. 11. Give me … chair, please. 12. They have … dog and two … cats. 13. I have … spoon in my … soup plate, but I have no … soup in it. 14. My … friend says he is going to be … millionaire one … day.
Запам'ятайте:
What a good boy!
What a long story!
What a day!
What a smart girl!
What a lovely view!
What a pity!
What a surprise!
to have (breakfast/lunch/tea/di
to cook (breakfast/lunch/tea/di
to make (breakfast/lunch/tea/di
to prepare (breakfast/lunch/tea/di
in the morning – in the afternoon – in the evening
at night
at school – at home – at work
to watch TV
Вправа 3
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. He hasn’t got … car. But he’s got … computer. … computer is new. 2. His … friends have got … cat and … dog. … dog never bites … cat. 3. This is … tree. … tree is green. 4. I can see three … boys. … boys are playing. 5. I have … bicycle. … bicycle is black. My … friend has no … bicycle. 6. Our … room is large. 7. We wrote … dictation yesterday. … dictation was long. 8. She has two … daughters and one … son. Her … son is … pupil. 9. Last year I gave my … mother … bracelet for her … birthday. She liked … bracelet. 10. My … brother’s … friend has no … dog. 11. This … pencil is broken. Give me that … pencil, please. 12. She has … ball. … ball is … big. 13. I got … letter from my … friend yesterday. … letter was interesting. 14. When they were in Geneva, they stayed at … hotel. Sometimes they had di
Вправа 4
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. This is … pen. … pen is red. 2. These are pencils. … pencils are black. 3. This is … soup. … soup is so tasty. 4. In the morning I eat … sandwich and drink … tea. 5. She gave me … coffee and … cake. … coffee was hot. … cake was very tasty. 6. Do you like … ice cream? 7. I see … book in your … hand. Is … book interesting? 8. Do you need … camera? 9. He never eats … meat, he always eats … vegetables, … cereals, … seeds, … fruit, and … nuts. He is … vegetarian. 10. This is … pineapple. … pineapple is delicious. 11. Elaine, … apples are good for you! 12. My … cousin is upset. He’s got … sore throat. 13. This is … cottage cheese. … cottage cheese is fresh. 14. She bought … meat, … butter and … potatoes yesterday. She also bought … cake. … cake was … delicious. We ate … cake and drank … tea. 15. This is my … table. On … table I have … books, two … pencils, … pen and … paper.
Вправа 5
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. I have two … sisters. My … sisters are … students. 2. We are at … home. 3. My … brother is not at … home, he is at … school. 4. My … mother is at … work. She is … doctor. 5. I am not … doctor. 6. He has no … sister. 7. He is not … pilot. 8. I have thirty-two … teeth. 9. He has … child. 10. She has two … children. Her children are at … school. 11. Is your father at … home? – No, he is at … work. 12. Where is your … brother? – He is at … home. 13. I’ve got … idea. 14. What … surprise! Our … parents gave us … DVD player for Christmas. 15. This is … bag. … bag is brown. It is my sister’s … bag. And this is my … bag. It is … yellow.